PAC CARDIO-2 Tomo 10
Contenido
REFERENCIAS

DIAGNÓSTICO Y TRATAMIENTO DE LAS PRINCIPALES ARRITMIAS EN EL SERVICIO DE URGENCIAS
  1. González-Hermosillo JA, Colín L, Iturralde P, Romero L. Un enfoque racional del manejo de las arritmias. Arch Inst Nal Cardiol Mex 1990;60: 461-466.

  2. Wellens HJ, Brugada P. Treatment of cardiac arrhytmias: When, how and where? J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14: 1417-1428.

  3. Iturralde T.P. Arritmias cardíacas. México: Mc Graw Hill Interamericana. 1997. p. 473.

  4. Wellens H JJ. Conover MB. The ECG in emergency decision making. Saunders Company, 1993. p. 229.

  5. Wellens HJJ. Recognition of paroxismal supraventricular tachycardia by the general practitioner. Rev Lat Cardiol 1980;1:51.

  6. Cárdenas LM. Clínica de las arritmias. 2da. ed. Mexico: La Prensa Médica Mexicana, 1987.

  7. Strosah MC. Arrythmias. Cardiovascular Division Naval Medical Center Portsmouth VA. University of Iowa 1999.

  8. Brugada P. Protocol of thecniques in arrythmia management. Electrophysiology 1987;1:23-28.

  9. Harvey WP, Ronan JA. Bedside diagnosis of arrythmias. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1966;8: 319-431.

  10. Reanimación Cardiopulmonar Avanzada. American Heart Association. Emergency Cardiovascular Care Programs 1997-1999. p. 1-1 a 16 11.

  11. Waxman MB, Wald RB, et al. Vagal techniques for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1980;46:655-664.

  12. Pozas G, Iturralde P. Electrocardiografía diagnóstica. México: Mc Graw. Hill Interamericana, 1998. p. 172.

  13. Knoebel SB,Mc Henry PS, et al. Atropi- ne induced cardio acceleration and myocardial blood flow in subjects with and without coronary artery disease

  14. Smith WM. Mechanism of cardiac arrythmias and conduction disturbances. En Hurst JW ed. The heart arteries and veins 8º. ed New York; NY: Mc Graw –Hill; 1992.

  15. Jordan JL, Mandel WJ. Disorders of sinus function. Cardiac arrythmias. Their mechanism, diagnosis and management. Philadelphia: Lippincot, 1987. p. 143-185.

  16. Bayes de Luna W,Iturralde P. Arritmias cardíacas. En Chávez Rivera I, ed. Cardiología. Panamericana, 1993.

  17. Iturralde P,De Michelli A, Romero L. Utilidad del círculo torácico en la localización de la zona de preexitación en el síndrome de WPW. Arch Inst Nal Cardiol Mex 1989;59:557-565.

  18. Wellens HJJ, Atie J, Penn OC. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with accessory pathways. Cardiol Clin 1990;8:503-521.

  19. García HN. Taquicardia ventricular idiopática. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1990;50: 473-477.

  20. Ostrzega E, Mehra A, et al. Evidence for increased arrhytmias during pregnancy: a study of 104 pregnant woman with symptoms of palpitations, dizzines or syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:920.

  21. Tawan M, Levine J, Mendelson M, et al. Effect of pregnancy on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Am J Cardiol 1993;72:838-840.

  22. Cox H, Gardner MK. Treatment of cardiac arrytmias during pregnancy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1993;36:157-178.

  23. Rotmensh HH. Management of cardiac arrythmia during pregnancy: current concepts. Drugs 1987;33:625-533.

  24. Tawan M, Levine J, Mendelson M. et al. Effect of pregnancy on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:838-840.

  25. Ostrzega E, Mehra A, et al. Evidence for increased arrhytmias during pregnancy: a study of 104 pregnant woman with symptoms of palpitations, dizzines or syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:920.

  26. Alberca V T, Palma A. Arritmias y embarazo. Rev Esp Cardiol 1990;50: 749-759.

OPERACIÓN DEL BALÓN DE CONTRAPULSACIÓN INTRAAÓRTICA Y SUS INDICACIONES
  1. Mouloupous SD. Topaz S, Kolff WJ. Diastolic balloon pumping with carbon dioxide in the aorta. Mechanical asistance to the falling circulation. Am Heart J 1962;63:669-675.

  2. Creswell LL, Rosenbloom M, Cox JL, Ferguson TB Sr, Kouchous NT, Spray TI. Intraortic balloon counterpulsation: Patterns of usage and outcome in cardiac surgery patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:11-20.

  3. Kern MJ, Aguirre FV, Tatineni S. Penick D, Scrota H, Donohue T, Walter K. Enhaced coronary blood flow velocity during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in critically ill patients. JACC 1993;21:2,359.

  4. Ohman EM et al. for the Randomized IABP Study Group. Use of aortic counterpulsation to improve sustained coronary artery patency during acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994;90:792-799.

  5. González Chon O, Maldonado NE: Manual de contrapulsación intra-aórtica. México,1998.

  6. Quaal JS. Indications coprehensive intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Second edition 1993:8;118-143.

  7. Ishihara M, Sato H, Tateishi H et al. Intra aortic balloon pumping as adjuntive therapy to rescue coronary angioplasty after failed thrombolysis in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:73.

  8. Zaacks S, Kelly R, Klein LL, Parrillo J Liebson P. Intra aortic balloon counterpulsation: Which patient will benefit. J Crit Illnes 1997;12:424-435.

MÉTODOS DIAGNÓSTICOS EN INFARTO AGUDO DEL MIOCARDIO
  1. Bayer AJ, Chadha J, Farag RR, et al. Changing presentation of myocardial infarction with increasing old age. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986;34:263-6.

  2. Killip T III, Kimball JT. Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care care unit: a two year experience with 250 patients. Am J Cardiol 1967;20:457-64.

  3. Rude RE, Poole WK,Muller JE, et al. Electrocardiographic and clinical criteria for recognition of acute myocardial infarction based on analysis of 3697 patients. Am J Cardiol 1983;52: 936-42.

  4. Sodi Pallares D, Medrano CG, Bisteni BA, Ponce de León JL. Electrocardiografía Clínica. Análisis Deductivo. Ed Francisco Méndez Cervantes, 1968.

  5. Hands ME, Cook EF, Stone PH, et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the presense of complete left bundle branch block. Am Heart J 1988;116:23-30.

  6. SgarbossaEB, Pnski SL, Brbagelata A, et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infaction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. N Engl J Med 1996;334:481-7.

  7. Kannel WB, Abbott RD. Incidence and prognosis of unrecognized infarction. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1144-47.

  8. Lott JA. Serum enzyme determination in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: An update. Hum Pathol 1984;15:706-16.

  9. Juárez U, Trejo W, Whente M, Contreras G, Cárdenas M, Reyes PA. Utilidad de la determinación de la mioglobina, isoenzima MB de creatina fosfocinasa, deshidrogenasa láctica, y aspartato amino transferasa,en el diagnóstico de infarto agudo del miocardio. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1998;68:214-17.

  10. Puleo PR, Meyer D,Wathen C, et al. Use of rapid assay of subforms of creatinekinase MB to diagnose or rule out acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1994;331:561-6.

  11. Ravkilde J, Nissen H, Horder M, Thygesen K. Independent prognostic value of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB mass, cardiac troponin T and myosin ligth chain levels in suspected acute myocardial infarction: analysis of 28 months of follow-up in 196 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:574-81.

  12. Ohman EM, Amstrong PW, Christenson RH, et al. GUSTO IIa Investigators. Cardiac Troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med 1996;335: 1333-41.

  13. Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thomson B, et al. Cardiac specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1996;335: 1342-9.

  14. Wu AH, Valdes RJr., Apple FS, et al. Cardiac troponin T immunoassay for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or chest pain. Clin Chem 1994;40:900-7.

  15. Juárez U, Lasses A, Rosas M. et al. Utilidad de la determinación cualitativa rápida de troponina T, fracción MB de creatina fosfocinasa y mioglobina en los síndromes isquémicos coronarios agudos. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1998;68:473-81.

  16. Mercer DW. A historical background in cardiac markes. Med Lab Observer 1996;28:45-51.

  17. Kagen L, Scheidt S, Butt A. Serum myoglobin in myocardial infarction: the”staccato phenomenon”. Is acute myocardial infarction in man an intermittent event? Am J Med 1997;62:86-92.

  18. Linvall K, Erhardt L, Sjögren A. Serial M mode echocardiographic mapping in myocardial infarction: A quantitative evaluation of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. Clin Cardiol 1983;6:220-25.

  19. Corya B, Rasmusse S, Knoebel SB, Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1975;36:1.

  20. Peels CH, Visser CA, Funke Kupper AJ. et al. Usefulness of two-dimensional echocardiography for immediate detection of myocardial ischemia in the emergency room. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:687-90.

  21. Parisi A, Nieminen M, O’Boyle J. et al. Enhanced detection of the evolution of tissue changes after acute myocardial infarction using color-coded two dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 1982;66:764.

  22. Spirito P, Bellotti P, Chiarella F. et al. Prognostic significance and natural history of left ventricular thrombi in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction: A two dimensional echocardiograpy study. Circulation 1985;72:774.

  23. Smyllie JH, Sutherland GR, Geuskens R. et al. Doppler color flow mapping in the diagnosis of ventricular septal rupture and acute mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:1449.

  24. Wackers T, Busemann Sokole E, Samson G. et al. Value and limitations of thallium-201 scintigraphy in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1977;56:71.

  25. Wackers T, Becker A, Samson G. et al. Location and size of acute transmural myocardial infarction estimated from thallium-201 scintiscans. Circulation 1977;56:71.

  26. Wackers T, Lie K, Liem K. et al. Potential value of thallium-201 scintigraphy as a means selecting patients for the coronary care unit. Br Heart J 1979;41:111.

TERAPIA DE REPERFUSIÓN EN EL INFARTO AGUDO DEL MIOCARDIO
  1. The ISAM Study Group. A prospective trial of Intravenous Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial infarction (ISAM). N Engl J Med 1986;314:1465-1471.

  2. ISIS-1 (First International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16,027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. Lancet 1986;2:57-66.

  3. Popma JJ, Hillis LD. Left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction: Ventriculografic and clinical endpoints. En: Thrombolysis and adjunctive therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1993;29-61.

  4. Leigh J, et al. Global burden of disease. Epidemiology 1999;10(5):626-31.

  5. Murray CJ, López A. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020:global burden disease study. Lancet 1997;349:1498-1504.

  6. O’Neill W, Timmis Gc, Bourdillon PD, et al. A prospective randomized clinical trial of intracoronary streptokinase versus coronary angoplasty for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1986;314:812-818.

  7. Grines CL, Browne KR, Marco J, et al. A comparison of primary angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;328:673.679.

  8. Villavicencio Fernández R, et al. Coronary stent in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Cardiol Mex 1998,Jan.

  9. Ross AM, et al. Reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction:principles established application still envolving. Fibrinolysis and Proteolysis 1998;12 (suppl 2):1-3.

  10. DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural infarction. N Engl J Med 1980;303:897-902.

  11. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’inferto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenoous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986;1:397-401.

  12. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’inferto Miocardico GISSI-2. A factorial randomised trial of alteplase versus streptokinase and heparin versus no heparin among 12,490 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986;1:397-401.

  13. ISIS-3 (Third International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-3. A randomized comparison of streptokinase vs tissue plasminogen activator vs anistreplase and of aspirin plus heparin vs aspirin alone among 41,299 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1992; 339:753-770.

  14. GUSTO Investigators. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;329:673-682.

  15. Juarez HU. Lasses LA, López MC, Chuquiure E, González PH. Carrillo CJ, Martínez SC, Lupi HE. Resultados del enfermo con infarto agudo del miocardio con terapia trombolítica. Experiencia en 473 enfermos de la unidad coronaria del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1998;68:411-420.

  16. Bates RE. Infarct artery patency. En: Thrombolysis and adjunctive therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1993;29-61.

  17. Martínez C, Domínguez JL, Aguirre SJ, Carrillo J, Chuquiure E, Franco GJ, Elizalde JE, Peña M, Martínez SJ Lupi E. Tratamiento del infarto agudo del miocardio con rt-PA en 60 minutos. Estudio cooperativo. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1997;66:126-131.

  18. Carrillo J, Chuquiure E, Juárez U, Martínez C, González H,Jáuregui PL, Peña DM, Juárez JU, Rosas M, Lupi E. Análisis de la permeabilidad por trombolisis de la arteria responsable de infarto miocardico agudo. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1997;67:186-194.

  19. Carrillo J, Chuquiure E, Juárez U, González H, Martínez C, Peña M, Lupi E. Utilidad de la trombolisis en el infarto agudo del miocardio en enfermos mayores de 65 años. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1995;65 (Suppl 5):16

  20. Chuquiure E, Carrillo J, Martínez C, González H Peña M, Lupi E. Trombolisis en infarto agudo del miocardio de localización inferior con extensión eléctrica del ventrículo derecho experiencia en 156 casos. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1995;65 (Suppl 5):70.

  21. GUSTO-IIb Investigators. A comparison of recombinant hirudin versus heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1996;335:775-782.

  22. Hochman JS et al. Early revascularization in Acute Myocardial Infarction complicated by Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 625-34.

  23. Anshelevich M, Ansherlevich I, Kochkaryov F, Riga “Bicur Cholim” Hospital, Riga LAT. Safety of a new accelerated streptokinase regimen in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1996;17:203 (abstract).

  24. Lupi HE, Martínez SC, Lasses OL, Tratamiento de los síndromes isquémicos agudos En: PAC Cardio-1;B-31998; ed Intersistemas, 1999.

  25. Becker RC et al. New thrombolytics, anticoagulants, and platelet antagonists: The future of clinical practice. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1999;7(2):195-220.

  26. Topol JE, Et al. Thrombolytic Intervention. En: Textbook of interventional cardiology. 2nd Ed. Vol. 1994;68-111.

  27. Muñiz A, Zerpa C, Peña M, Villavicencio R, González H, Martínez C, Gil M, Martínez Ríos M, Lupi E. Experiencia en angioplastia primaria departamento de hemodinámica y unidad coronaria del INCCH. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1995;65 (Suppl 5):224.

  28. Gibbons RJ, Christian TF, et al. Myocardium at risk and infartc size after thrombolytic therapy for aute myocardial infaction:implications for design of randomized trials of acute intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:616-623.

  29. Every NR, Parsons LS, Hlatky M, Martin JS, Weaver WV. A comparison of thrombolytic therapy with primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1253-1260.

  30. Ryan, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction. JACC 1996;28:1328-428.


TRATAMIENTO ADJUNTO EN EL INFARTO AGUDO DEL MIOCARDIO
  1. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group: Lancet 1988; 2: 349-60.

  2. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy-I. Br Med J 1994;308: 81-106.

  3. Hirsh J, Dalen JE, Fuster V, Harker LB, Patrono C, Roth G. Aspirin and other platelet-active drugs. Chest 1995; 108 (suppl):247S-254S.

  4. ACC/AHA guidelines for de manegement of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Task Force on Practice Guidelines. (Committee on Manegement of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 1328-1428.

  5. Collins R, Peto R,Baigent C,Sleight P. Aspirin, heparin, and fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997;336: 847-60.

  6. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded trial, of clopidogrel, versus ASA in patients at risk of ischaemic events. Lancet 1996;348: 1329-39.

  7. Juárez-Herrera U, Rodríguez MC, González H. Nueva terapia antitrombótica en el tratamiento de pacientes con angor inestable. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1998;68: 157-65.

  8. Kleiman NS, Ohman M,Califf RM et al. Profound inhibition of platelet aggregation with monoclonal antibody 7E3 Fab after thoraombolytic therapy.TAMI-8 Pilot Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:381-9.

  9. Ohman EM, Kleiman NS, Gacioch G et al. Combined acelerated tissue-plasminogen activator and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin receptor blokade with integrilin in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997;95:846-54.

  10. Antman ME, Giugliano RP, Gibson M et al. Abciximab facilitates the rate and extent of trombolysis. Results of TIMI-14 Trial. Circulation 1999;99:2720-32.

  11. Neuhaus KL, Feuerer W, Jeep-Teebe S. et al. Improved thrombolysis with a modified dose regimen of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:1566-69.

  12. Ferguson JJ. Meeting Report: 20th Congress of the ESC. Acute Coronary Syndromes. 1998;1(4):157-9.

  13. L’Allier P, et al. INTRO-AMI Results. Report. American College of Cardiology. New Orleans 1999.

  14. The Paradigm Investigators. Combining thrombolysis with de platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor Lamifiban in Myocardial Infarction Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:2003-10.

  15. The EPIC Investigators. Use of monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1689-97.

  16. Brener SL, Barr LA, Burchenal JEB, et al. ReoPro and primary PTCA Organization and Randomized Trial (RAPPORT) Investigators. Circulation 1998;98:734-41.

  17. Ellis SG, Serruys P, Popma J et al. The final ERASER results. Circulation 1997; 96:I-87.

  18. The RESTORE Investigators. Effect of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1997;96:1445-53.

  19. Goldberg RJ,GoreJM, Dalen JM. The role of anticoagulant therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1984;108: 1387-93.

  20. Hsia J, Hamilton WP, Kleiman N, et al. A comparison between heparin and low dose aspirin as adjuntive therapy with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1433-37.

  21. The Gusto Investigators. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1996; 329: 673-82.

  22. Hirsh J, Raschke R, Warkentin TE, Dalen JE, Deykin D, Poller L. Heparin: Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest 1995; 108 ( 4 suppl): 258S-275S.

  23. Smith P, Arnesen H, Holme I. The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 147-52.

  24. Sixty Plus Reinfarction Study Research Group. A double -blind trial to assess long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in elderly patients after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1980; 2: 989-94.

  25. The E.P.S.I.M. Research Group. A controled comparison of aspirin and oral anticoagulants in prevention of death after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1982;307: 701-8.

  26. CARS Investigators. Randomized double -blind trial of fixed low dose warfarin with aspirin after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997; 350:389-96.

  27. Prentice CRM. Antithrombotic therapy in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 175G-180G.

  28. Anderson JL, Karagounis LA. Does intravenous heparin or time-to-treatment/reperfusion explain differences between GUSTO and ISIS-3 results ? Am J Cardiol 1994;74:1057-60

  29. White HD, Yusuf S. Issues regarding the use of heparin following streptokinase therapy. J Thrombosis Thrombolysis. 1995;2:5-10.

  30. Antman EM. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction. TIMI 9B Trial. Circulation 1996;94:911-21.

  31. Canon CP. For The TIMI-5 Investigators. A pilot trial of recombinant desulfatohirudin compared with heparin in conjunction with tissue-plasminogen activator and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:993-1003

  32. Lee LV. For The TIMI-6 Investigators.Initial experience with hirudin and Streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:7-13

  33. The GUSTO IIb Investigators: A comparison of recombinant hirudin with heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:776-82

  34. The GUSTO IIa Investigators. Randomized trial of intravenous heparin versus recombinant hirudin for acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1996;90:1631-37.

  35. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AGG, Fromell GJ, Goodmen S. et al. A comparison of low molecular weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unestable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:447-52

  36. Baird SH, Mc Bride SJ, Trouton TG, et al. Low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin following thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31(supll A):191ª

  37. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Held P. Routine medical management of acute myocardial infarction: lessons from overviews of recent randomized controlled trials. Circulation 1990;82:117

  38. The TIMI Study Group. For The TIMI Investigators Phase II Trial. N Engl J Med 1989;320:618-27

  39. The MIAMI Trial Research Group. Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction: patient population. Am J Cardiol.1985;56:1G-57G

  40. Olsson G, Wikstrand J,Warnold Y, Manger-Cats V, McBoyle D, Herlitz J. et al. Metoprolol-induced reduction in postinfarction mortality: Pooled results from five double-blind randomized trials. Eur Heart J 1992; 13:28-32

  41. Anderson TJ, Meredith IT, Ganz P, Selwyn AP, Yeung AC. Nitric oxide and nitrovasodilators: Similarities, differences and potential interactions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24:555-66

  42. ISIS-4. A randomized factorial trial assesing early oral captopril,oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulfate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995;245:669-85

  43. Gruppo Italiano per lo studio della Sopravivenza nell‘Infarto Miocardico GISSI-3. Effects of Lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6 week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343 1115-22

  44. Yusuf S, Collins R, MacMahon S, Peto R. Effect of intravenous nitrates on mortality in acute myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Lancet1988; 1:1088-92

  45. Pfeffer MA; Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular disfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992, 327: 669-77

  46. Kober L, Trop-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensin -converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1670-76

  47. Ambrosini E, Borhi C, Magnani B. SMILE Study Investigators: The effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 80-85.

  48. MacMahon S, Collins R, Peto R, et al. Effects of prophylactic lidocaine in suspected acute myocardial infarction and overiew of results from the randomized contolled trals. J Am Med Assoc 1988; 260:1910-16.

  49. Sigurdsson A, Swedberg K. Left ventricular remodelling neurohumoral activation and early treatment with enalapril (CONSENSUS II) following myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1994; 15(suppl B): 14-19.

  50. Swedberg K, Sharpe N. The value of angiotensin -coverting enzyme inhibitor for the treatmentof patients with left ventricular dysfunction heart failure or affter acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1996; 17:1306-11.

  51. Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, Rasmunssen K, Ryden L, Weden H. (CONSENSUS II) Effect of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the cooperative new Scandinavian enalapril survival study II. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:678-84

  52. Woods K L, Fletcher S, Roofe C, Haider Y. Intravenous magnesium sulfate in suspected acute myocardial infarction: results of the seconds Leicester Intravenous Magnesium Intervention Trial (LIMIT - 2). Lancet 1992; 339:1553-58

  53. Arsenian MA. Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1993; 35:271-310.

  54. Woods KL. Possible pharmacological actions of magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 32:3-10

  55. Pepine CJ. The role of calcium antagonists in ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J 1995; 16 (suppl H): 19-24.

  56. Théroux P, Gregorie J, Chin CH, Pelletier G, deGuise P, Juneau M:Intravenus Diltiazem in Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:620-8.

  57. Valentine PA, Frew JL, Mashford ML, Sloman JG. Lidocaine in the prevention of sudden death in the pre-hospital phase of acute infarction: a double - blind study. N Engl J Med 1974; 291:1327-31.

  58. Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, Friedman PL, MacNeil DJ, Pauls JF. et al. Effect of the sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. Lancet 1996; 348: 7-12.

  59. Zarembski DJ, Nolan PEJ, Slack MK Caruso AC. Empiric long term amioadrone prophylaxis following myocardial infarction. A Meta analysis. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:2661-67.

  60. Carins JA, Connolly SJ, Roberts R, Gent M. Randomized trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarizations: CAMIAT. Lancet 1997;349:675-82.

  61. Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Arch Intern Med 1998;148:36-69.

  62. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group: Randomized Trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-89.

  63. Waters D. Review of cholesterol-lowering therapy: Coronary angiographic and events trials. Am J Med 1996;101 (suppl 4A):34S-39-S.

  64. Rackley CE. Monotherapy with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and secondary prevention in coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 1996;19: 683-89.

  65. Wikstrand J, Warnold I, Olson G, et al. Primary prevention with metoprolol in patients with hypertension: mortality results from the MAPHY Study. JAMA 1988,259:1976-82.




COMPLICACIONES MECÁNICAS DEL INFARTO AGUDO DEL MIOCARDIO
  1. Lavie C, Gersh B. Mechanical and electrical complications of acute myocardial infarction. Mayo Clin Proc 1990; 65: 709- 730.

  2. Heikkila J. Myocardial infaqrction as complication of acute myocardial infarction Acta Med Scand 1967; (suppl), 475: 1-139.

  3. Davison Spontaneous rupture of a papillary muscle. J Mount Sinai Hosp 1948; 14: 941- 953.

  4. Burch G, DePasquale N, Phillips J. Clinical Manifestations of papillary muscle difucntion Arch Inter Med 1963; 112: 112-7.

  5. Phillips J, Burch G, DePasqualle. Syndrome of papyllary muscle dysfucntion Ann Inter Med 1963; 59:508-20.

  6. Maisel A, Gilpin E, Klein L, Le Winter M, Henning H, Collins D. The murmur of papillary muscle dysfuction in acute myocardial infarction: Clinical feature and prognostic implications. Am Heart J 1986; 112: 705-11.

  7. Carrillo J, Chuquiure E, Martínez C, González H, Jáuregui L, Peña M, Juárez U, Rosas M, Lupi E. Análisis de la permeabilidad por trombolisis de la arteria responsable de infarto miocárdico agudo Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1997; 67: 186-194.

  8. Barzilai B, Gessler C, Perez J, Schaab C, Jaffe A. Significance of Doppler-detected mitral regurgitation in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 220-3.

  9. Lehmann K, Francis C,Dodge H, and the TIMI study Group. Ann Inter Med 1992; 117:10-17.

  10. Barzilai B,Davis V, Stone P, Jaffe A the MILIS Study Group Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 1169-75.

  11. Estes E,Dalton F, Entman M et al. The anatomy and blood supply of the papillary muscle of the left ventricle. Am Heart J 1966; 71: 356.

  12. Froufe J, López-Sendón J, Figueras Bellot J, Dominguez de Rozas J, Quintana Dominguez J, Vazquez Rodríguez C. Infarto Agudo de Miocardio Complicado. Rev Esp Cardiol 1994; 47, Supl 1: 27-68

  13. Rankin J, Hickey M, Smith R, Muhlbaier L, Reves J, Pryor D, Weschler. Circulation 1989(Suppl I): I-116-I-121.

  14. Warnes C, Gersh B. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and management of Mechanical complications en Acute Myocardial Infarction. Gersh y Rahimtoola S. Elsevier editors, 1991.

  15. Brand E, Berge K, Brown A. Papillary muscles in myocardial infarction. Circulation 1967; 36: 75-91.

  16. KinneyE, Frangi M. Value of two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of incomplete mitral leaflet closure. Am Heart J 1985; 109: 87-90.

  17. Forrester J, Diamond G, Freedman S, et al. Silent mitral insufficiency in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1971; 44: 877.

  18. Le Feuvre C, Metzger J, Lachurie M, Georges J, Baubion N, Vacheron A. Am Heart J 1992; 123: 860-865.

  19. Fleischmann K, Lee R, Come P, Goldman L, Cook E, Weissman M, Johnson P, Lee T. Impact of valvular regurgitation and ventricular dysfunction on long-term survival in patients with chest pain. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 1266-72.

  20. Horskotte D, Schulte H, Niehues R et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in acute severe, mitral regurgitation experience in 42 consecutive patients entering the intensive care unit with pulmonary edema. J Heart Valve Dis 1993; 2: 512-22.

  21. Sharma S, Seckler J, Israel D, Borrico S, Ambrose J. Clinical, Angiographic and Anatomic Findings in Acute Severe Ischemic mitral Regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 277-280.

  22. Hickey M, Smith R, Muhlbaier H, Harrel F, Reves J, Hickey J, Califf R, Pryor D, Rankin J. Current prognosis of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Implications for future management. Circulation 1988; 78 (suppl I) I 51- I 58.

  23. Thadani. Secondary preventive potential of nitrates in ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J 1996; Suppl F: 30-6.

  24. Yoran C, Yellen E, Becker R. Mechanism or reducction of mitral regurgitation with vasodilatation therapy. Am J Cardiol 1979; 43: 773-9

  25. Hendren W, Nemec J, Lytle B et al. Mitral valve repair for mitral insufficiency. Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 52: 1246-52.

  26. Alexanderson E, Verdejo J, López J, Cardenas M. Ruptura del septum interventricular en el infarto agudfo del miocardio. Arch Int Cardiol Mex 1992; 62: 133-137

  27. Ohishi F, Hayasaki K, Honda T. Effect of thrombolysis on rupture of the left ventricular free wall following acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiol 1996; 28: 27-32.

  28. Camacho M, Muehrcke D. Loop Mechanical Complications en Julian D, Braunwald E Management of acute myocardial infarction W.B Saunders Company 1994 pp 291- 314.

  29. Hill D, Stiles Q. Acute ischemic ventricular septal defect. Circulation 1989; 79 (suppl I): I-112-I-115.

  30. Lundberg S, Soderstrom J. Perforation of the interventricular septum Acta Med Scand 1962; 172: 413-19.

  31. Westaby S, Parry A, Ornerod O et al. Thrombolysis and post infarction ventricular septal defect. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104: 1506 – 9.

  32. Miller S, Dinsmore R, Greene R, Dagget W. Coronary ventricular and pulmonary abnormalities associated with rupture of the intraventricular septum complicating myocardial infarction. AJR 1978; 131: 571-8.

  33. Nacht A. Kronson Intracardiac shunts Crit Care Clin 1996; 12: 295-319.

  34. Curcio Ruizgómez A, Martín Jimenez J, Wilheim Ayza M, Soria Delgado J. Double post-acute myocardial infarction complication: rupture of the interventricular septum and acute mitral insufficiency. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50: 129-32.

  35. Fornaro G, Prando M, Parodi F, Cordero G, Sansa M, Bongo A, Campi A, Aralda D, Dellavesa F, Aina F, Lazzero M, Cernigliaro C. Short and intermediate term clinical outcome in patients with cardiogenic shock treated with aortic counterpulsation. G Ital Cardiol 1996; 26: 1385-99.

  36. Kinn J, O´Neil W, Benzuly K, Jones D, Grines C. Primary angioplasty reduce risk of myocardial rupture compared to thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1997; 42: 151-7.

  37. Oliva P, Hammill S, Edwards W. Cardiac rupture, a clinically predictable complication of acute myocardial infarction: report of 70 cases with clinicopathologic correlations. JACC 1993; 22: 720-6.

  38. Suchil L, Mohar A, Martínez-Sánchez C, Osornio A. Infarto del miocardio y ruptura de la pared libre del ventrículo izquierdo algunas consideraciones sobre la frecuencia, características morfológicas y factores de riesgo. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1992; 62: 163-69.

  39. Zahger D, Milgaret E, Pollak A, Hasin Y, Merin G, Beeri R, Gotsman M. Left ventricular free wall rupture as the presenting manifestation of acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 681-2.

  40. Figueras J, Curos, Cortadellas J, Soler J. Reliability of electromechanical dissociation in the diagnosis of left ventricular free wall rupture in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1996; 131: 861-4.


Contenido
Copyright © 2005 Dr. Scope. Derechos Reservados.
Diseño y Programación: Educación Médica Contínua