PAC CARDIO-2 Tomo 4

Contenido

REFERENCIAS

LA PLACA VULNERABLE
  1. Fuster V, Lewis A. Conner Memorial Lecture. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: Insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 1994;90:2126.

  2. Falk E. Plaque rupture with severe pre-existing stenosis precipitating coronary thrombosis. Characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques underlying fatal occlusive thrombi. Br Heart J 1983;50:127-134.

  3. Falk E. Coronary thrombosis: Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68 (Suppl B): 28B-35B.

  4. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993;362:801-809.

  5. Stary HC. Evolution and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of children and young adults. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9(Suppl I):I19-I32.

  6. Geng Y-J, Libby P. Evidence for apoptosis in advanced human atheroma. Am J Pathol 1995;147:251-66.

  7. Fuster V, Lewis A. Conner Memorial Lecture. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 1994;90:2126-2146.

  8. Fuster V, Badimon J, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1992;326: 242-250,310-318.

  9. McGill HC Jr. Persistent problems in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1984;4:443-451.

  10. Ambrose J, Tannenbaum M, Alexopoulos D, Hjemdahl-Monsen CE, Leavy J, Weiss M, Borrico S. Gorlin R, Fuster V. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12:56-62.

  11. Loree HM, Kamm RD, Stringfellow RG, Lee RT. Effects of fibrous cap thickness on peak circumferential stress in model atherosclerotic vessels, Circ Res 1992;71:850-858.

  12. Richardson PD, Davies MJ, Born GVR. Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet 1989;ii:941-944.

  13. MacIsaac AI, Thomas JD, Topol EJ. Toward the quiescent coronary plaque [Review Articl]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1228-1241.

  14. Chapman I. Morphogenesis of occluding coronary artery thrombosis. Arch Pathol 1965;80:256-261.

  15. Leary T. Coronary spasm as a possible factor in producing sudden death. Am Heart J 1934;10:338-344.

  16. Lin CS, Penha PD, Zak FG, Lin JC. Morphodynamic interpretation of acute coronary thrombosis, with special reference to volcano-like eruption of atheromatous plaque caused by coronary artery spasm. Angiology 1988;(June):535-547.

  17. Etsuda H, Mizuno K, Arakawa K, Satomura K, Shibuya T, Isojima K. Angioscopy in variant angina: Coronary artery spasm and intimal injury. Lancet 1993;342:1322-1324.

  18. Loree HM, Kamm RD, Stringfellow RG, Lee RT. Effects of fibrous cap thickness on peak circumferential stress in model atherosclerotic vessels, Circ Res 1992;71:850-858.

  19. Moreno PR, Falk E, Palacios IF, Newell JB, Fuster V, Fallon JT. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: Implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 1994;90:775-778.

  20. Davies MJ. A macro and micro view of coronary vascular insult in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1990;82 (Suppl II):II-38-II-46.

  21. Gertz SD, Roberts EC. Hemodynamic shear force in rupture of coronary arterial atherosclerotic plaques. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1368-1372.

  22. Burleigh MC, Briggs AD, Lendon CL, Davies MJ, Born GV, Richardson PD. Collagen types I and III, collagen content, GAGs and mechanical strength of human atherosclerotic plaque caps: Span-wise variations. Atherosclerosis 1992;96:71-81.

  23. Van der Wal AC, Becker AE, van der Loos CM, Das PK. Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation 1994;89:36-44.

  24. Davies MJ, Richardson PD, Woolf N, Katz DR, Mann J. Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: Role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content. Br Heart J 1993; 69:377-381.

  25. Buja LM, Willerson JT. Role of inflammation in coronary plaque disruption [Editorial]. Circulation 1994;89:503-505.

  26. Lendon CL, Davies MJ, Born GVR, Richardson PD. Atherosclerotic plaque caps are locally weakened when macrophage density is increased. Atherosclerosis 1991;87:775-778.

  27. Moreno PR, Falk E, Palacios IF, Newell JB, Fuster V, Fallon JT. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: Implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 1994;90:775-778.

  28. Matrisian LM. The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Bio Essays 1992; 14:455-463.

  29. Shah PK, Falk E, Badimon JJ, Levy G, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Fallon J, Fuster V. Human monocyte-derived macrophages express collagenase and induced collagen breakdown in atherosclerotic fibrous caps: Implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 1993;88 (Suppl I):I-254(abst).

  30. Isner JM, Kearney M, Bortman S, Passeri J. Apoptosis in human atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circulation 1995;91:2703-11.

  31. Han DKM, Haudenschild CC, Hong MK, Tinkle BT, Leon MB, Liau G. Evidence for apoptosis in human atherogenesis and in a rat vascular injury model. Am J Pathol 1995; 147:267-77.

  32. Kockx MM, De Meyes GRY, Bortier H et al. Luminal foam cell accumulation is associated with smooth muscle cell death in the intimal thickening of human saphenous vein grafts. Circulation 1996; 94: 1255-62.

  33. Bennet MR, Evan GI, Schwartz SM. Apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from normal vessels and coronary atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2266-74.

  34. Björkerud S, Björkerud B. Apoptosis is abundant in human atherosclerotic lesions, especially in inflammatory cells (macrophages and T cells), and may contribute to the accumulation of gruel and plaque instability. Am J Pathol 1996; 149:367-80.

  35. Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani F, Redard M, Desmoulière A, Gabbiani G. Apoptosis participates in cellularity regulation during rat aortic intimal thickening. Am J Pathol 1995; 146: 1059-64.

  36. Imai H, Thomas WA. Cerebral atherosclerosis in swine: role of necrosis in progression of diet-induced lesions from proliferative to atheromatous stage. Exp Mol Pathol 1968; 8: 330-57.

  37. Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J et al. Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods and clinical implications. Circulation 1996; 94: 1175-92.

  38. Galis ZS, Sukhova GK, Lark MW, Libby P. Increased expression of matrix-metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 1994;94:2493-2503.

  39. Henney AM, Wakeley PR, Davies MJ, Foster K, Hembry R, Murphy G, Humphries S. Localization of stromelysin gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hibridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:8154-8158.

  40. Brown DL, Hibbs MS, Kearney M, Topol EJ, Loushin C, Isner JM. Expression and cellular localization of 92 kDa gelatinase in coronary lesions of patients with unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; (Suppl A):436A (abst).

  41. Mizushige K, Reisman M, Buchbinder M, Dittrich H, DeMaria AN. Atheroma deformation during the cardiac cycle: Evaluation by intracoronary ultrasound. Circulation 1993;88:I-550 (abst).

  42. Lee RT, Kamm RD. Vascular mechanics for the cardiologist. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1289-1295.

  43. Cheng GC, Loree HM, Kamm RD, Fishbein MC, Lee RT. Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions. A structural analysis with histopathological correlation. Circulation 1993;87: 1179-1187.

  44. Vito RP, Whang MC, Giddens DP, Zarins CK, Glagov S. Stress analysis of the diseased arterial cross-section. Adv Bioeng Proc 1990: 273-276.

  45. Nabel EG, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Large coronary arteries in humans are responsive to changing blood flow: an endothelium-dependent mechanism that fails in patients with atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:349-56.

  46. Hori M, Inoue M, Shimazu T, Mishima M, Kusuoka H, Abe H, Kodama K, Nanato S. Clinical assessment of coronary arterial elastic properties by the image processing of coronary arteriograms. Comput Cardiol 1983;393-395.

  47. Ludmer PL, Selwyn AP, Shook TL, et al. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1046-51.

  48. Gordon JB, Ganz P, Nabel EG, et al. Atherosclerosis and endothelial function influence the coronary vasomotor response to exercise. J Clin Invest 1989;83:1946-52.

  49. Yeung AC, Vekshtein VI, Krantz DS, et al. The effects of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1551-6.

  50. Nabel EG, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Paradoxical narrowing of atherosclerotic coronary arteries induced by increases in heart rate. Circulation 1990;81:850-9.

  51. McFadden EP, Clarke JG, Davies GJ, Kaski JC, Haider AW, Maseri A. Effect of intracoronary serotonin on coronary vessels in patients with stable angina and patients with variant angina. N Engl J Med 1991;324:648-54.

  52. Sellke FW, Armstrong ML, Harrison DG. Endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation is abnormal in the coronary microcirculation of atherosclerotic primates. Circulation 1990;81:1586-93.

  53. Zeiher AM, Krause T, Schachinger V, Minners J, Moser E. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of coronary resistance vessels is associated with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Circulation 1995;91: 2345-52

  54. Barbee KA, Mundel T, Lal R, Davies PF. Subcellular distribution of shear stress at the surface of flow-aligned and nonaligned endothelial monolayers. Am J Physiol 1995;268:H1765-72.

  55. Andrews TC, Raby K, Barry J, et al. Effect of cholesterol reduction on myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Circulation 1997;95: 324-8.

  56. Drexler H, Zeiher AM, Meinzer K, Just H. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in coronary microcirculation of hypercholesterolaemic patients by L-arginine. Lancet 1991;338:1546-50.

  57. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-9.

  58. Van Boven AJ, Jukema JW, Zwinderman AH, Crijins HJGM, Lie KI, Bruschke AVG. Reduction of transient myocardial ischemia with pravastatin in addition to the conventional treatment in patients with angina pectoris. Circulation 1996;94:1503-5.

  59. Sacks FM,Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effects of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-9.

  60. Tamai O, Matsuoka H, Itabe H, Wada Y, Kohno K, Imaizumi T. Single LDL apheresis improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in hypercholesterolemic humans. Circulation 1997;95:76-82.

  61. Leung WH, Lau CP, Wong CK. Beneficial effect of cholesterol-lowering therapy on coronary endothelium-dependent relaxation in hypercholesterolaemic patients. Lancet 1993;341: 1496-500.

  62. Rajagopalan S, Harrison DG. Reversing endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 1996;94:240-3.

  63. Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure: Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. JAMA 1995;273: 1450-6.

  64. Gilligan DM, Quyyumi AA, Cannon RO. Effects of physiological levels of estrogen on coronary vasomotor function in postmenopausal women. Circulation 1994;89:2545-51.

  65. Lieberman EH, Gerhard MD, Uehata A, et al. Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:936-41.

  66. Gerhard MD, Tawakol A, Halley EA. Long-term estradiol therapy with or without progesterone improves endothelium dependent vasodilatation in post-menopausal women {abstract}. Circulation 1996;45:435-41.

LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA PREVENCIÓN EN ATEROSCLEROSIS
  1. Diccionario de la Lengua Española. Real Academia Española de la Lengua.

  2. Ghalioungui P. Magic and medical science in ancient Egypt. Hodder and Stougton 1963.

  3. Koch-Weser D. History and importance of preventive medicine. Eur Heart J 1998;19(suppl C):C2-C4.

  4. Sackett DL, Rosemberg WC, Gray JAM, et al. Evidence based medicine. What it is and what it isn’t? Br Med J 1996;312:71-72.

  5. Meaney E, Rivera JM, Shuchleib R, Gómez-Alvarez-E. Aterosclerosis y sus precursores. Programa de Actualización continua para cardiólogos (PAC Cardio-1) No. B-4. México DF; Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología, 1998.

  6. Jones PH, Gotto AM. Prevention of coronary heart disease in 1994. Heart Dis Stroke 1994;3:290.

  7. Pyorala K, De Backer G, Graham I, Poole-Wilson P, Wood D for the Task Force. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Task force of the European Society of Cardiology, European Atherosclerosis Society and European Society of Hypertension. Eur Heart J 1994;15:1300-31.

  8. National Cholesterol Education Program. Second report of the expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel II). Circulation 1994;89:1329-1445.

  9. MONICA Project. Br Med J 1997;314:541.

  10. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patiens with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-89.

  11. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA et al. The effects of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-9.

  12. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57.

  13. Shepherd J, Cobbe M, Ford I et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-07.

  14. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998;279:1615-22.

  15. Troche CJ, Tacke J, Hinzpeter B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention in cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 1998;19 (supl C):C59-C65.

  16. West of Scotland Prevention Group. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study: Identification of high-risk groups and comparison with other cardiovascular intervention trials. Lancet 1996;348:1339-42.

  17. I Consenso Nacional de Aterosclerosis. Asociación Mexicana para la prevención de la aterosclerosis y sus complicaciones (AMPAC). Rev Mex Ateroscl (en prensa).

  18. Dirección General de Estadística e Informática. Subsecretaría de planeación, Secretaría de Salud. Mortalidad 1997.

  19. Escudero X, Ortega A. Falla en la determinación y control del perfil de lípidos, como medida de prevención secundaria en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica. Rev Mex Ateroscl 1996;1:6-9.

FISIOPATOLOGÍA DE LA ATEROSCLEROSIS
  1. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. An update. N Engl J Med 1986;314:488-500

  2. Glagov S, Zarins C, Guiddens DP. Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1988;112:1018-1031.

  3. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990s Nature 1993 362; 801-809.

  4. Ross R. Glomset J. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1976;295:369-377.

  5. Glagov S. Hemodynamic risk factors: Mechanical stress, mural architecture, medial nutrition and the vulnerability of arteries to atherosclerosis. En Wissler RW, Geer JC Editores. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1972. p164.

  6. Davies MJ, Woolf N, Rowles PM, Pepper J. Morphology of the endothelium over atherosclerotic plaques in human coronary arteries. Br Heart J 1988;60:459-464.

  7. Ip JH, Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon J, Taubman MB, Chesebro JH. Syndromes of accelerated atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:1667-1687.

  8. Stary HC. Evolution and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of children and young adults. Arteriosclerosis 1989;99 Suppl I:I-19-I-32.

  9. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 1980;299:373-376.

  10. Jessup W. Oxidized lipoproteins and nitric oxide. Curr Opin Lipidol 1996;7:274-280.

  11. Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelial-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987;327:534-536.

  12. Ghidoni JJ, Oneal RM. Recent advances in molecular pathology: A review; ultrastructure of human atheroma. Exp Mol Pathol 1967;7:378-382.

  13. De Graaf JC, Banga JD, Moncada S, Palmer RM. Nitric oxide functions as an inhibitor of platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Circulation 1992;85: 2284-2290.

  14. Cayatte AJ, Palacino JJ, Horten K, Cohen RA. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide production accelerates neointima formation and impairs endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14: 753-759.

  15. Wever RMF, Luscher T, Cosentino F,Rabelink T. Atherosclerosis and the two faces of endothelial nitric oxide synthetase. Circulation 1998;97:108-112.

  16. Ross R. The smooth muscle cells. Growth of smooth muscle in culture and formation of elastic fibers. J Cell Biol 1971;50: 172-178.

  17. Geng YJ, Libby P. Evidence for apoptosis in advanced human atheroma. Am J Pathol 1995; 147:251-266.

  18. Owens GK. Role of alterations in the differentated state of smooth muscle cell in atherogenesis. En Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ. Editores. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996 p. 401-420.

  19. Woolf N, Davies M. Arterial plaque and thrombus formation. Sci Med 1994;38:127-132.

  20. Emerson EE, Robertson AL. T lymphocytes in aortic and coronary intimas: Their potential role in atherogenesis. Am J Pathol 1988;130:369-376.

  21. Hajjar DP, Haberland ME. Lipoprotein trafficking in vascular cells, molecular trojan horses and cellular saboteurs. J Biol Chem 1997;272:2297-9

  22. Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, Bondjers G, Hansson GK. Regional accumulation of T cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis 1986;6:131-138.

  23. Rosenfeld ME, Ross R. Macrophage and smooth muscle cell proliferation in atherosclerotic lesions of WHHL and comparably hypercholesterolemic fat-fed rabbits. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:680-687.

  24. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon J, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1992;326:310-318.

  25. Qiao JH, Tripathi J, Mishra NK. Role of macrophage colony stimulating factor in atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1997; 150:1687-1699.

  26. Ross R. Atherosclerosis. An inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-126.


TROMBOSIS EN LA ATEROSCLEROSIS
  1. Rokitansky CV. A manual of pathologic anatomy. London. The Sydenham Society, 1852, pp 265-275

  2. Duguid JB. Thrombosis as a factor in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis. J Pathol Bacteriol 1948; 60:57-61.

  3. Hand RA, Chandler AB. Atherosclerotic metamorphosis of autologous pulmonary thromboemboli in the rabbit. Am J Pathol 1962;40:469-486.

  4. Chandler AB, Hand RA. Phagocytized platelets: A source of lipids in human thrombi and atherosclerotic plaques. Science 1961;134:946-947.

  5. De Wood MA, Spores J, Notske R, Mouser LT, Burroughs R, Golden MS, Lang HT. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1980;303:897-902.

  6. Haust MD, Wyllie JC, More RH. Atherogenesis and plasma constituents: I. Demonstration of fibrin in the white plaque by fluorescent antibody technique. Am J Pathol 1964;44:255-267.

  7. Haust MD, Wyllie JC, More RH. Electron microsocopy of fibrin in human atherosclerotic lesions: II. Immunohistochemical and morphologic identification. Exp Mol Pathol 1964;4:206-216.

  8. Bini A, Fenoglio JJ Jr, Mesa-Tejada R, Kudryk B, Kaplan K. Identification and distribution of fibrinogen, fibrin, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products in atherosclerosis.Arterioesclerosis 1989;9:109-121.

  9. Smith EB, Keene GA, Grant A, Stirk G. Fate of fibrinogen in human arterial intima. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10: 263-275.

  10. Meade TW, Mellows S, Brozovic M, Chakrabarti RR, North WRS, Haines AP, Stirling Y, Imeson JD, Thompson SG. Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: Principal result of the Northwick Park Study. Lancet 1986;2:533-537.

  11. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D’Agostino RB. Fibrinogen and the risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA 1987;258:1183-1186.

  12. Hamsten A, Wilman B, deFaire U. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1557-1563.

  13. Bizzozero G. Di un nuovo elemento morfologico del sangue e della sua importanza nella trombosi e nella coagulazione. L’osservatore,Torino 1881;176:785-787.

  14. Kruth HS. Platelet-mediated cholesterol accumulation in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Science 1985;227: 1243-1245.

  15. Mendelsohn ME, Loscalzo J. Role of platelets in cholesteryl ester formation by U-937 cells. J Clin Invest 1988;81: 62-68.

  16. Friedman RJ, Sterman MB, Wenz B, Moore S, Gauldie J, Gent M, Tiell ML, Spaet TH. The effect of thrombocytopenia on experimental atherosclerotic lesion formation in rabbits. J Clin Invest 1977;60:1191-1201.

  17. Dentan C, Lesnik P, Chapman MJ, Ninio E. Phagocytic activation induces formation of platelet-activating factor in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in macrophage-derived foam cells. Relevance to the inflammatory reaction in atherogenesis. Eur J Biochem 1996;236:48-55.

  18. Esmon CT. The regulation of natural anticoagulant pathways. Science 1987;235:1348-1352.

  19. Radmonsky MW, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. Comparative pharmacology of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, nitric oxide, and prostacyclin in platelets. Br J Pharmacol 1987;92: 181-187.

  20. Stamler J, Mendelsohn ME, Amarante P, Smick D, Andon N, Davies PF Cooke JP, Loscalzo J. N-Acetylcysteine potentiates platelet inhibition by endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Circ Res 1989;65:789-795.

  21. van Hinsburg VWM, Sprengers ED, Kooistra T. Effect of thrombin in the production of plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by human foreskin microvascular endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 1987;57:148-153.

  22. Dembinska-Kiec A, Gryglewska T, Zmuda A, Gryglewsky RJ. The generation of prostacyclin by arteries and by the vascular bed is reduced in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Prostaglandins 1977;14:1025-1034.

  23. Simon BC, Cunningham LD, Cohen RA. Oxidized low-density lipproteins cause contraction and inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation in the pig coronary artery. J Clin Invest 1990;86:75-79.

  24. Shimokawa H, Kim P, van Houtte P. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to aggregating platelets in isolated basilar arteries of control and hypercholesterolemic pigs. Circ Res 1988:63: 604-61225.

  25. Creager MA, Cooke JP, Mendelsohn ME, Gallagher SJ, Coleman SM, Loscalzo J, Dzau VJ. Impaired vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest 1990;86:228-234.

  26. Bajaj MS, Ali M, Saba S, Hyers TM, Bajaj SP. Expresion of tissue factor and supression of factor VIIa-tissue factor inhibitor produced by endotoxin and phorbol ester-stimulated endothelial cells.(abstract) Circulation 1988;78(suppl II):II-314.

  27. Jones A, Geczy CL. Thrombin and factor Xa enhance the production of interleukin-1. Immunology 1990;71: 236-241.

  28. Libby P, Warner SJC, Friedman GB. Interleukin-1: A mitogen for human vascular smooth muscle cells that induces the release of growth factor inhibitor prostanoids. J Clin Invest 1988;888:487-498.

  29. Dustin ML, Rothlein R, Bhan AK, Dinarello CA, Springer TA. Induction by IL-1 and interferon-gamma: Tissue distribution, biochemistry, and function of a natural adherence molecule (ICAM-1). J Immunol 1986;137: 245-254.

  30. Kadish JL, Butterfield CE, Folkman J. The effects of fibrin on cultured vascular endothelial cells. Tissue Cell 1979;11:99-108.

  31. Lough J, Moore S. Endothelial injury induced by thrombin or thrombi. Lab Invest 1975;33:130-135.

  32. Thompson WD, Smith EB. Atherosclerosis and the coagulation system. J Pathol 1989;159:97-106.

  33. Ishida T, Tanaka K. Effects of fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products on the growth of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells in culture. Atherosclerosis 1982;44:161-174.

  34. Watanabe K, Ishida T, Yashitomi F, Tanaka K. Fibrinogen degradation products influence PGI2 syntesis by cultured porcine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1982;44:161-174.

  35. Dejana E, Languino LR, Polentarutti N, Balcony G, Tyckewaert JJ, Larrieu MJ, Donati MB, Mantovani A, Marguerie G. Interaction between fibrinogen and cultured endothelial cells: Induction of migration and specific binding. J Clin Invest 1985;95:11-18.

  36. Senior RM, Skogan WF, Griffith GL, Wilner GD. Effect of fibrinogen derivatives upon the inflammatory response. J Clin Invest 1986;77:1015-1019.

  37. Kaplan KL, Mather T, De Marco L, Solomon S. Effect of fibrin on endothelial cell production of prostacyclin and tissue plasminogen activator. Arteriosclerosis 1989;9:43-49.

  38. Rowland FN, Donovan MJ, Picciano PT, Wilner GK, Kreutzer DL. Fibrin-mediated vascular injury: Identification of fibrin peptides that mediate endothelial cell retraction. Am J Pathol 1984;117:418-428.

  39. Dang LC, Bell WR, Kaiser D, Wong A. Disorganization of cultured vascular endothelial cell monolayer by fibrinogen fragment D. Science 1985;227: 1487-1490.

  40. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Castelli WP, D’Agostini RB. Fibrinogen and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. JAMA 1987;258:1185-1186.

  41. Montalescot G, Ankri A, Vicaut E, Drobinsky G, Grosgogeat Y, Thomas D. Fibrinogen after coronary angioplasty as a risk factor for reestenosis. Circulation 1995;92:31-38.

  42. Liotta LA, Goldfarb RH, Brundage R, Siegal GP, Terranova V, Garbisa S. Effect of plasminogen activator (urokinase), plasmin, and thrombin on glycoprotein and collagenous components of basement membrane. Cancer Res 1981;41:4629-4636.

  43. Gross JL, Moscatelli D, Jaffer EA, Rifkin DB. Plasminogen and collagenase production by cultured capillary endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 1982;95: 974-981.

  44. Sprengers ED, Kluff C. Plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood 1987;69: 381-387.

  45. Salomaa V, Stinson V, Kark JD, Folsom AR, Davis CE, Wu KK. Association of fibrinolytic parameters with early atherosclerosis. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation 1995;91: 284-290.

  46. Thompson SG, Kienast J, Pyke SD, Haverkate F, van de Loo JC. Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;332:635-641.

  47. Zitoun L, Mussoni L, Prati L, Baldasarre D, Camera M, Banfi C, Tremoli E. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 synthesis and mRNA expression in HepG2 cells are regulated by VLDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:77-81.

  48. Roobie LA, Booth NA, Brown AJ, Bennett B. Inhibitors of fibrinolysis are elevated in atherosclerotic plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16: 539-545.

  49. Shireman PK, McCarthy WJ, Pearce WH, Patterson BK, Shively VP, Cipollone M, Tamarina N, Verrusio EN, Kwaan HC. Elevated levels of plasminogen-activator inhibitor type-1 in atherosclerotic aorta. J Vasc Surg 1996;23:810-817.

  50. Padro T, Emeis JJ, Steins M, Schmid KW, Kienast J. Quantification of plasminogen activators and their inhibitors in the aortic vessel wall in relation to the presence and severity of atherosclerotic disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:893-902.

  51. Emeis J, Kooistra T. Interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide induce an inhibitor of t-PA in vivo and in cultured endothelial cells. J Exp Med 1986; 164:1860-1866.

  52. Harpel PC, Zhang X, Borth W. Homocysteine and hemostasis: pathogenic mechanisms predisposing to thrombosis. J Nutr 1996;126:1285S-1289S.

  53. Matthias D, Becker CH, Riezler R, Kinding PH. Homocysteine induced arteriosclerosis-like alterations of the aorta in normotensive and hypertensive rats following application of high doses of methionine. Atherosclerosis 1996;122:201-216.

  54. Berg K. A new serum system in man: The Lp system. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1963;59:369-382.

  55. Kostner GM, Avogaro P, Cazzolato C, Marth E, Bittolo-Bon G, Quinci GB. Lipoprotein(a) and the risk for myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 1988;38:51-61.

  56. Dahlen GH, Guyton JR, Attar M, Farmer JA, Kontz JA, Gotto AM Jr. Association of levels of lipoprotein(a), plasma lipids, and other lipoproteins with coronary artery disease documented by angiography. Circulation 1986;74:758-765.

  57. Hajjar KA, Nachmann RL. The role of lipoprotein(a) in atherogenesis and thrombosis. Annu Rev Med1996; 47:423-442.

  58. Grainger DJ, Metcalfe JC. Transforming growth factor-beta: the key to understanding lipoprotein(a)? Current Opin Lipidol 1995;6:81-85.

  59. Fuster V. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology. Lewis A. Conner memorial lecture. Circulation 1994;90:2126-2146.

  60. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis: a report from the commitee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis. American Heart Association. Circulation 1995;92:1355-1374.

  61. Fuster V, Fallon JT, Nemerson Y. Coronary thrombosis. Lancet 1996; 348 (suppl):S7-S10.

  62. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995; 92:657-671.

  63. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1992;326:310-308.

  64. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcolm GT, Liang VH, Smialek J, Virmani R. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N Engl J Med 1997;
    336:1276-1281.

  65. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993;362:801-809.

  66. Toschi V, Gallo R, Lettino M. Tissue factor predicts the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaque components. Circulation 1997;95:594-599.

  67. Thiruvikraman SV, Guha A, Roboz J, Taubman MB, Nemerson Y, Fallon JT. In situ localization of tissue factor in human atherosclerotic plaques by binding of digoxigenin labeled factors VIIa and X. Lab Invest 1996;75:451-461.

  68. Fernandez-Ortiz A, Badimon JJ, Falk E. Characterization of the relative thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: implications for consequences of plaque rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;
    23:1562-1569.

  69. Moreno PR, Bernardi VH, Lopez-Cuellar J et al. Macrophages, smooth muscle cells and tissue factor in unstable angina: implications for cell mediated thrombogenicity in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1996; 94:3090-3097.

  70. Marmur JDE, Thiruvikraman SV, Fyfe BS et al. The identification of active tissue factor in human coronary atheroma. Circulation 1996;94: 1226-1232.



Contenido

Copyright © 2005 Dr. Scope. Derechos Reservados.
Diseño y Programación: Educación Médica Contínua