PAC INFECTO-1 A1
Contenido
R EFERENCIAS

INMUNIZACIÓN PASIVA
  1. Ammann AJ, Ashman RF, Buckley RH et al. Use of intravenous gammaglobulin in antibody immunodeficiency: Results of a multicenter controlled trial. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982; 22:60-7.

  2. Roifman CM, Lederman HM, Lavis S, Stein LD, Levison H, Gelfand EW. Benefit of intravenous IGG replacement in hypogammaglobulinemic patients with chronic sinopulmonary disease. Am J Med 1985; 79:171-4.

  3. American Academy of Pediatrics, 1994, Red Book: Report of the Committee on infectious Diseases, 23rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL, 1994.

  4. Fisher GW, Siber G. Human hyperimmune globulins for bacterial infections in high-risk children. En: Cryz SJ, Jr, ed: Vaccines and immunotherapy. New York: Pergamon Press, 1993: 426.

  5. Fisher GW, Cieslak TJ, Wilson SR et al. Opsonic antibodies to Staphylococcus epidermidis: in vitro and in vivo studies using human intravenous immune globulin. J Infect Dis 1994; 162:324-9.

  6. Haeney M. Intravenous immune globulin in primary immunodeficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 97 (Suppl 1): 11-15.

  7. Haque KN, Zidi MH, Haque SK et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for prevention of sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatr Infect Dis 1896; 5:622-5.

  8. Fanaroff AA, Korones S, Wright L et al. A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin to reduce nosocomial infections in very-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med 1994; 1330: 1107-13.

  9. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immuno-globulin Study Group. Intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of bacterial infec-tions in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:73-80.

  10. Mofenson LM, Moye J, Hirschhorn R, Jordan C, Nugent R (for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin Clinical Trial Study Group). Prophylactic intravenous immunoglobulin in HIV-infected children with CD4+ counts of 0.20 x 109/l or more. Effect on viral, opportunistic and bacterial infections. JAMA 1992; 268:483-8.

  11. Spector SA, Glber RD et al. A controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin for the prevention of serious bacterial infections in children receiving zidovudine for advanced immune deficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1181-7.

  12. Tertian G, Risler N, Le Bras P et al. Intravenous gammaglobulin treatment for thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Eur J Haematol 1987; 39:180-1.

  13. Bussel JB, Haimi JS. Isolated thrombocytopenia in patients infected with HIV: Treatment with intravenous gammaglobulin. Am J Hematol 1988; 28:79-84.

  14. Pollack AN, Janinis J, Green D. Successful intravenous immune globulin therapy for human immunodeficiency virus associated thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:695-7.

  15. Frickhofen N, Abkowitz JL, Safford M et al. Persistent B19 parvovirus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1): a treatable cause of anemia in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 926-33.

  16. Naides SJ, Howard EJ, Swack NS, True CA, Stapleton JT. Parvovirus B19 infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons failing or intolerant to zidovudine therapy. J Infect Dis 1993; 168:101-5.

  17. Sidiropoulos D, Boehme, Von Muralt G et al. Immunoglobulin supplementation in prevention or treatment of neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986; 5:S193-4.

  18. Friedman CA, Wender DF, Temple DM et al. Intravenous gamma globulin as adjunct therapy for severe group B streptococcal disease in the newborn. Am J Perinatol 1989; 6:453-6.

  19. Kim KS. High-dose intravenous immune globulin impairs antibacterial activity of antibiotics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84:579-88.

  20. Sullivan KM, Mori M, Sanders J et al. Late complications of allogeneic and autologous marrow transplantation.Bone Marrow Transplant 1992; 10 (suppl 1): 127-34.

  21. Siadak MF, Kopecky K, Sullivan KM. Reduction in transplant-related complications in patients given intravenous immune globulin after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 97 (Suppl 1): 53-7.

  22. Emanuel D, Cunnigham I, Jules-Elysee K et al. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation successfully treated with the combination of ganciclovir and high-dose intravenous immune globulin. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109:777-82.

  23. Schmidth GM, Kovacs A, Zaia JA et al. Ganciclovir/immunoglobulin combination therapy for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus-associated interstitial pneumonia in bone marrow allograft recipients. Transplantation 1988; 46:905-7.

  24. Groothuis JR, Simoes EAF, Levin JM et al. Prophylactic administration of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin to high risk infants and young children. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1524-30.

  25. Leung DYM. Immunomodulation by intravenous immune globulin in Kawasaki disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84:588-94.

  26. French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Efficiency of plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Role of replacement fluids. Ann Neurol 1987; 22:753-61.

  27. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Study Group. Plasmapheresis and acute Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Neurology 1985;35:1096-104.

  28. Van Der Meche FGA. Intravenous immune globulin in the Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 97 (suppl 1): 43-7.

  29. Fehr J, Hofmann V, Kappeler U. Transient reversal of thrombocytopenia in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by high-dose intravenous gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:1254-8.

  30. Hanada T, Saito K, Nagasawa T et al. Intravenous gammaglobulin therapy for thromboneutropenic neonates of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Haematol 1987; 38:400-4.

  31. Duhem C, Dicaato MA, Ries F. Side-effects of intravenous immune globulins. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 97 (suppl 1):79-83.

  32. Watson J, Gibson J, Joshua DE, Kronenberg H. Aseptic meningitis associated with hig-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1991; 54:275-6.

  33. Vera-Ramírez M, Charlet M, Parry GJ. Recurrent aseptic meningitis complicating intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Neurology 1992; 43:1636-7.

  34. Burks AW, Sampson HA, Buckley RH. Anaphylactic reactions after gammaglobulin administration in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Detection of IgE antibodies to IgA. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:560-3.

INMUNIZACIÓN ACTIVA
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Recommendations of the Advisory Comitte on Immunization Practices (ACIP); General recommendations on immunization. MMWR 1994; 43 (RR-1):1.

  2. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. En: Long S, Pickering L, Prober C, ed. Active immunization. Churchill Livingstone Inc. 1997:49-70.

  3. Claman HN. The biology of the immune response. JAMA 1992; 268:2790.

  4. MacDevitt HO. Regulation of the immune response by the major histocompatibility complex system. N Engl J Med 1980; 303:1514.

  5. Lanzavecchia A. Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature 1985; 314:537.

  6. Arai K, Lee F, Miyajima A et al. Cytokines: coordinators of immune and inflammatory responses. Ann Rev Biochem 1990; 59:783.

  7. Reinherz EL, Schlossman SF. Regulation of the immune response-inducer and suppressor T lymphocyte subsets in human beings. N Engl J Med 1980; 303:370.

  8. Baker PJ. Homeostatic control of antibody responses. A model based on the recognition of cell-associated antibody by regulatory T-cells. Transplant Rev 1975; 26:1.

  9. McGee JR, Mestecky J, Dertzbaugh MT et al. The mucosal immune system: from fundamental concepts to vaccine development. Vaccine 1992; 10:75.

  10. Hadler SC, Margolis HS. Hepatitis B immunization: vaccine types, efficacy, and indications for immunization. En: Remington JS, Swartz MN, ed. Current topics in clinical infectious diseases. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 2282.

  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): use of vaccines and immune globulins in persons with altered immunocompetence. MMWR 1993; 42(RR-4):1.

  12. CONAVA. Programa de Vacunación Universal 1995-2000. México: Secretaría de Salud, 1995.

  13. King GE, Hadler SC. Simultaneous administration of childhood vaccines: an important public health policy that is safe and efficacious. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13:394.

  14. Onorato IM, Marckowitz LE, Oxtoby MJ. Childhood immunization, vaccine-preventable diseases and HIV infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988; 7:588.

  15. Rodríguez LC, Diwan K, Wheeler JG. Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a metanalysis. Internat J Epidemiol 1993; 22:1154.

  16. Golditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis: metanalysis of the published literature. JAMA 1994; 271:698.

  17. Hart PD, Sutherland Y. BCG and whole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Final report for the Medical Research Council. Br Med J 1977; 2:293-295.

  18. Von Reyn CF, Clements CJ, Mann JM. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and routine childhood immunization. Lancet 1987; 2:669-672.

  19. Centers for Disease Control. Update on adult immunization. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991; 40(RR-12):45-46.

  20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Use of BCG vaccines in the control of tuberculosis: a joint statement by the ACIP and the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR 1988; 37:663,669.

  21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committe on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis: Guidelines for vaccine prophylaxis and other preventive measures, MMWR 1991; 40(RR-10):1.

  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Pertussis vaccination: acellular pertussis vaccine for reinforcing and booster use-Supplementary statement. MMWR 1992; 41(RR-2):1.

  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Recommendations for use of Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines and a combined diphteria tetanus pertussis and Haemophilus b vaccine. MMWR 1993; 42(RR-13):1.

  24. Ad Hoc Working Group for the Development of Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices. Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices. JAMA 1993; 269:1817.

  25. Cody CL, Baraff LJ, Cherry JD et al. The nature and rate of adverse reactions assocated with DTP and DT immunization in infants and children. Pediatrics 1981; 68:650.

  26. Baraff LJ, Shields WD, Beckwith L et al. Infants and children with convulsions and hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes following diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis immunization: follow-up evaluation. Pediatrics 1988; 81:789.

  27. Institute of Medicine. Adverse events associated with childhood vaccines: Evidence bearing on causation. Straton KR, Howe CJ, Johston RB, ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1993: 29.

  28. Pollard JD, Selby G. Relapsing polyneuropathy due to tetanus toxoid: report of a case. J Neurol Sci 1978; 37:113.

  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children two months of age and older. MMWR 1991; 40(RR-1):1.

  30. Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics. Report of the Committe on Infectious Disease. 23rd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, II, 1994: 22.

  31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Acellular pertussis vaccine for the fourth and fith doses of the DTP series. Update to the Supplementary statement. MMWR 1992; 41(RR-15):1.

  32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FDA approval of use of Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine for infants and children. MMWR 1993; 42:964.

  33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Polyomielitis prevention. MMWR 1982; 31:22,31.

  34. Strebel PM, Sutter RW, Cochi SL et al. Epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States one decade after the last reported case of indigenous wild virus-associated disease. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:568.

  35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Mumps vaccine. MMWR 1989; 38(22):388.

  36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Rubella prevention. MMWR 1990; 39 (RR-15):1.

  37. Atkinson WL, Orenstein WA. The resurgence of measles in the United States, 1989-1990. Ann Rev Med 1992; 43:451.

  38. King G, Markowitz L, Burns S, Heath J, Nordin J, Bellini W. A comparison of seroconversion rates to measles vaccine of children vaccinated at 9, 12, or 15 months of age (abstract). 34th Annual Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Orlando, FL, 1994:240.

  39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rubella vaccination during pregnancy-United States, 1971-88.MMWR 1989; 38:289.

  40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Measles Prevention. MMWR 1989; 38(S-9):1.

  41. Kuter BJ, Weibel RE, Guess HA et al. Oka/Merck varicella vaccine in healthy children: final report of a 2 year efficacy study and 7 year follow-studies. Vaccine 1991; 9:643.

  42. Bernstein HH, Rothstein EP, Warson BM et al. Clinical survey of natural varicella compared with breaktrhrough varicella after immunization with live attenuated Oks/Merck varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 1993; 92:833.

  43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Varicella prevention. Recommendations of the Advisory Committe on Immunization Practices (ACIP): MMWR, 1997 (in press).

  44. Innis BL, Snitbhan R, Kunasol P et al. Protection against hepatitis A by an inactivated vaccine. JAMA. 1994; 271: 1328.

  45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A prevention. Recommendations of the Advisory Committe on Immunization Practices. MMWR, in press.

  46. Chen R, Kent J, Rhodes P, Simon P, Schonberger L. Investigation of a possible association between influenza vaccination and Guillain-Barre syndrome in the United States, 1990-1991 (abstract). Post MarketingSurveillance 1992; 6:5-6.

  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines. MMWR 1985; 34:255.

  48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP):Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MMWR 1989; 38:64-73.

  49. Shapiro DE, Berg AT, Austrian R et al. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1453.

  50. Butler JC, Breiman RF, Campbell JF et al. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy: an evaluation of current recommendations. JAMA 1993; 270:1826.
PROFILAXIS ANTIMICROBIANA DE LA INFECCIÓN
  1. Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases. En: Long S, Pickering L, Prober C, ed Active immunization. Churchill Livingstone Inc. 1997:49-70.

  2. Devine LF, Johnson DP, Rhone SL III, et al. Rifampin: effect of 2-day treatment meningococcal carrier state and the relationship of the levels of drug in sera and saliva. Am J Med Sci 1971; 261:79.

  3. Guttler RB, Counts GW, Avents CK, et al. Effect of firampin and minocycline on meningococcal carrier rates. J Infect Dis 1971; 124:199.

  4. Schwartz B, Al-Tobaiqui A, Al-Ruwais, et al. Comparative efficacy of cetriaxone and rifampin in eradicating pharyngeal carriege of group A Neisseria menigitidis. Lancet 1988; 1:1239.

  5. Band JD, Fraser DW. Ajello G. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. JAMA 1984; 251:2381.

  6. Fleming DW, Leibenhaut MH, Albanes D, et al. Secondary Haemophilus influenzae type b in day care facilities: Risk factors and prevention. JAMA 1985; 254:509.

  7. Makintubee S, Istre GR, Ward JI. Transmission of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in day care settings. J Pediatr 1987; 11:180.

  8. Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Fetus an Newborn. Guidelines for prevention of group B streptococcal (GBS) infection by chemoprohpylaxis. Pediatrics 1992; 90:775.

  9. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1173.

  10. Hsu KH. Thirty years after isoniazid: prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in children and adolescentes. JAMA 1984; 251:1283.

  11. Bass JW. Erythromycin for treatment and prevention of pertussis. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986; 5:154.

  12. Boyd RJ, Burke JF, Colton T. A double-blind clinical trial of prophylactic antibiotics in hip fractures. J Bone Joint Surg 1973; 55A:1251.

  13. Howard JM, Barker WF, Cubertson WR et al. Posoperative wound infections: the influence of ultraviolet irradiation of the operative room and of various other factors. Ann Surg 1964; 160:1.

  14. Dellinger EP, Gross PA, Barret TL, et al. Quality standard for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical procedures. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:422.

  15. Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL et al. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical wound infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:289.

  16. Johnson JT, Myers EN, Thearle PB et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for contaminated head and neck surgery. Laryngoscope 1984; 94:46.

  17. Haines SJ, Walters BC. Antibiotic prohylaxis for cerebroespinal fluid shunts: a metanalysis. Neurosurgery 1994; 34: 87.

  18. Bernard A, Pillet M, Goudet P, Viard H. Antibiotic prophylaxis in pulmonary surgery: a prospective randomized double-blind trial of flash cefuroxime versus forty-eight-hour cefuroxime. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107:896.

  19. Slama TG, Sklar SJ, Misinki J, Fess SW. Randomized comparison of cefamandole, cefazolin, and cefuroxime prophylaxis in open-heart surgery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 29:744.

  20. Maki DG, Bohn MJ, Stolz SM et al. Comparative study of cefazolin, cefamandole, and vancomycin for surgical prophylaxis in cardiac and vascular operations: a double-blind randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104:1423.

  21. Burnett JW, Gustilo RB, Williams DN et al. Prophylatic antibiotics in hip fractures: A double-blind prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg 1980; 62A:457.

  22. Getell JM, Riba J, Lozano L, et al. Prophylactic cefamandole in orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg 1981; 66:1219.

  23. Henley MB, Jones RE, Wyatt RWB, et al. Prophylaxis with cefamandole naftate in elective orthopedic surgery. Clin Orthop 1986; 209:249.

  24. Norden CW. Antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13 (suppl 10):S842.

  25. Dellinger EP. Antibiotic prophylaxis in trauma: Penetrating abdominal injuries and open fractures. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13(suppl 10):S847.

  26. Dire DJ, Hogan DE, Walker JS. Prophylactic oral antibiotics for low-risk dog bite wounds. Pediatr Emerg Care 1992; 8:194.

  27. Liston TE, Foshee WS, Peirson WD. Sulfisoxazole chemoprophylaxis for frequent otitis media. Pediatrics 1983; 71:524.

  28. Berman S, Nuss R, Roark R et al. Effectiveness of continuous vs. intermittent amoxicillin to prevent episodes of otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:63.

  29. Brendstrup L, Hjelt K, Petersen KE et al. Nitrofurantoin versus trimethoprim prophylaxis in recurrent urinary tract infection in children. A randomized, double blind study. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990; 79:1225.

  30. Hanson E, Hansson S, Jodal U. Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux. Scand J Infect Dis 1989; 21: 201.

  31. Jodal U, Koskimies O, Hanson E et al. Infection pattern in children with vesicoureteral reflux randomly allocated to operation or long term antimicrobial prophylaxis. The international reflux study in children. J Urol 1992; 48:1650.

  32. Lohr JA, Nunley DH, Howards SS et al. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in girls. Pediatrics 1977; 59:562.

  33. Johnson HW, Anderson JD, Chambers GK et al. A short-term study of nitrofurantoin prophylaxis in children managed with clean intermittent catheterization. Pediatrics 1994; 93:752.

LECHE MATERNA Y PREVENCIÓN DE ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS
  1. Feachem RG, Koblinsky MA. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of breastfeeding. Bull WHO 1984; 62:271-91.

  2. Beaudry M, Dufour R, Marcoux S. Relation between infant feeding and infections during the first six months of life. J Pediatr 1995; 126:191-7.

  3. Cunningham AS, Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe EFP. Breast-feeding and health in the 1980s: a global epidemiologic review. J Pediatr 1991; 118:659-66.

  4. Frank AL, Taber LH, Glezen WP et al. Breast-feeding and respiratory virus infection. Pediatrics 1982; 70:239-45.

  5. Arnold C, Makintube S, Istre GR. Day care attendance and other risk factor for invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138:333-40.

  6. Caplan MS, MacKendrick W. Necrotizing enterocolitis: a review of patohogenic mechanism and implications for prevention. Pediatr Pathol 1993; 13:357-69.

  7. Pickering LK, Morrow AL. Factors in human milk that protect against diarrheal disease. Infection 1993; 21:355-7.

  8. Kauppi M, Saarinen L, Kayhty H. Anti-capsular polysaccharide antibodies reduce nasopharyngeal colonization by Haemophilus influenzae type b in infant rats. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:365-71.

  9. Goldman AS. The immune system of human milk: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12:664-71.

  10. Whitehead RG. For how long is exclusive breastfeeding adequate to satisfy the dietary energy needs of the average young baby? Pediatr Res 1995; 37:239-43.

  11. World Health Organization. Consensus statement from the WHO/UNICEF consultation on HIV transmission and breastfeeding . Wkly Epi Rec 1992; 67:177-84.

  12. Howie PW, Forsyth JS, Ogston SA, Clark A, Florey CV. Protective effect of breastfeeding against infection. Br Med J 1990; 300:11-6.

  13. Haffejee IE. Cow´s milk-based formula, human milk, and soya feeds in acute infantile diarrhea: a therapeutic trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990; 10:193-8.

  14. Velázquez FR, Ruíz Palacios GM, Calva JJ et al. Breastfeeding prevents primary rotavirus infection in infants: a community-based cohort study in Mexican children. Society for Pediatric Resea-rch, Washington DC, May 1992.

  15. Glass IR, Stoll BJ, Wyatt RG et al. Observations questioning a protective role for breastfeeding in severe rotavirus diarrhea. Acta Paediatr Scand 1986; 75:713-8.

  16. Owen MJ, Baldwin CD, Swan PR, Pannu AK, Johson DL, Howie VM. Relation of infant feeding practices, cigarre smoke exposure, and group child care to the onset and duration of otitis media with effusion in the first two years of life. J Pediatr 1993; 123:702-11.

  17. Duncan B, Ey J, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martínez FD, Taussig LM. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months protection against otitis media. Pediatrics 1993; 91:867-72.

  18. Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martínez FD, Morgan WJ, Taussig LM. Breastfeeding and lower respiratory tract illness in the first year of life. Br Med J 1989; 299:946-9.

  19. Victora CG, Smith PG, Barros FC et al. Evidence for protection by breastfeeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil. Lancet 1987; 2:319-22.

  20. Lucas A, Cole TJ. Breast milk and necrotizing enterocolitis. Lancet 1990; 336: 1519-23.

  21. Ruíz-Palacios GM, Calva JJ, Pickering LK et al. Protection of breastfed infants against Campylobacter diarrhea by antibodies in human milk. J Pediatr 1990; 116:707-13.

  22. Barness LA, Carver JD. Dietary nucleotides with relation to immune response. Intl Pediatr 1992; 7:57-60.

  23. Morrow AL, Reves RR, West MS et al. Protection against infection with Giardia lamblia by breastfeeding in a cohort of Mexican infants. J Pediatr 1990; 121:363-70.

  24. Butz WP, Habicht J-Pm Da Vanzo J. Enviromental factors in the relationship between breastfeeding and infant mortality: the role of sanitation and water in Malaysia. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 119:516.

  25. Ogawa K, Ben RA, Pons S, dePaolo MIL, Fernández LB. Volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and pH in the stools of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992; 15:248-62.

  26. Rotimi VO, Duerden BI. The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates. J Med Microbiol 1981; 14:51-62.

  27. McFarland LV, Surawics CM, Greenberg RN et al. Prevention of beta lactamase-associated diarrhea: Saccharomyces boularadii compared with placebo. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14:925.

  28. Raza S, Graham SM, Allen SJ, Sultana S, Cuevas L, Hart CA. Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from acute non-bloody diarrhea in Pakistan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14:107-111.

  29. Reid G, Bruce AW, McGroarty JA, Cheng KJ, Costertorn JW. Is there a role for lactobacilli in prevention of urogenital and intestinal infections? Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3:335-44.

  30. Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet 1994; 344:1046-9.

  31. Perdigon G, deMacias MEN, Alvarez S, Oliver G, deRuíz Holgado AP. Systemic augmentation of the immune response in mice by feeding fermented milks with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Immunology 1988; 63:17-23.

  32. Blomberg L, Henriksson A, Conway PL. Inhibition of adhesion of Escherichia coli K88 to piglet ileal mucus by Lactobacillus spp. App Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:34-9.

  33. Kaleida PH, Nativio DG, Chao H-P, Cowden SN. Prevalence of bacterial respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx in breastfed versus formula fed infants. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2674-8.

  34. Pickering LK, Granoff DM, Erickson J, Masor ML, Hilty MD. Dietary modulation of the immune system by human milk (HM) and infant formula containing HM level of nucleotides. Society for Pediatric Research, San Diego, CA, May 1995.

  35. Walterspiel JN, Morrow AL, Guerrero ML, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pickering LK. Protective effect of secretory anti-Giardia lamblia antibodies in human milk against diarrhea. Pediatrics 1994; 93:28-31.

  36. Miotti PG, Gilman RH, Pickering LK. Prevalence of serum and milk antibodies to Giardia lamblia in different populations of lacting women. J Infect Dis 1985; 152:1025-1031.

  37. Glass RL, Svennerholm A, Stoll BJ et al. Milk antibodies protect breastfed children against cholera. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:1389.

  38. Cravioto A, Tello A, Villafan H, Ruiz J, del Veduvo S, Neeser JR. Inhibition of localized adhesion of entropathogenic Escherichia coli to Hep-2 cell by immunoglobulin and oligosaccharide fractions of human calostrum and breast milk. J Infect Dis 1991; 163:1247.

  39. Cruz CR, Gil L, Cano F, Caceres P, Pareja G. Breast milk anti-Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin IgA antibodies protect against toxin induced infantile diarrhea. Acta Paediatr Scand 1988; 77: 658.

  40. Hayani KC, Guerrero ML, Morrow AL et al. Concentration of milk secretory immunoglobulin A against Shigella virulence plasmid-associated antigens as a predictor of symptom status in Shigella-infected breastfed infants. J Pediatr 1992; 121:852-856.

  41. France GL, Marmer DJ, Steele RW. Breast-feeding and Salmonella infection. Am J Dis Child 1980; 134:147-52.

  42. Eibl MM, Wolf HM, Furnkranz H, Rosenkranz A. Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants by IgA-IgG feeding. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1-7.

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