páginas de la 40 a la 43

Referencias


  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men. New York City and California. MMWR 1981; 30:305-308.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants. New York, New Jersey, California. MMWR 1982; 31:665-667.
  3. Caldwell BM, Rogers MF. Epidemiología de la infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en niños. Clin Pediatr North Am 1991; 1:1-17.
  4. Friedland GH, Salztman BR, Rogers MF y col. Lack of transmission of HTLV III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:344-349.
  5. Rogers MF, White CR, Sanders L y col. Lack of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus from infected children to their household contacts. Pediatrics 1990; 85:210-214.
  6. Ward JW, Busch TJ, Perkins HA y col. The natural history of transfusion-associated infection with human immunodeficiency virus: factors influencing the rate of progression to disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:947-952.
  7. Ward JW, Homberg SD, Allen JR y col. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by blood transfusion screened as negative for HIV antibody. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:473-478.
  8. Cumming PD, Wallace EL, Schorr JB y col. Exposure of patients to human immunodeficiency virus through the transfusion of blood components that test antibody-negative. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:941-946.
  9. Chin J. Impacto creciente de la pandemia de infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida sobre hijos de mujeres infectadas por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Clin Perinatol 1994; 1:1-16.
  10. Conasida. Situación del SIDA en México. Datos actualizados hasta el cuarto trimestre de 1995. SIDA/ETS 1995;1:I-XXI.
  11. Pizzo PA, Wilfert CM. Pediatric AIDS: the challenge of HIV infection in infants, children and adolescents. 2a ed. Baltimore: William and Wilkins, 1994.
  12. Caldwell MB, Oxtoby MJ, Simonds RJ y col. Centers for Disease Control 1994 revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR 1994;43:1.
  13. Centers of Disease Control. Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR 1987; 36(Suppl 1):1S-15S.
  14. Fauci AS, Schnittman SM, Poli G y col. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:678-693.
  15. Rosenberg ZF, Fauci AS. Activation of latent HIV infection. J NIH Res 1990;2:41-45.
  16. Gallo RC. Human retroviruses: a decade of discovery and link with human disease. J Infect Dis 1991;164:235-243.
  17. Martínez G, Navarrete S, Samudio G y col. Infecciones bacterianas en niños con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1992;49:585-589.
  18. Ellis M, Gupta S, Galant S y col. Impaired neutrophil function in patients with AIDS or AIDS related complex: a comprehensive evaluation. J Infect Dis 1988;158:1268-1276.
  19. Husson RN, Comeau AM, Hoff R. Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants and children. Pediatrics 1990;86:1-10.
  20. Davey RT, Lane HC. Laboratory methods in the diagnosis and prognosis staging of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:912-930.
  21. Pitt J. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Pediatr Clin North Am 1991;38:89-96.
  22. Katz BZ, Berkman AB, Shapiro DE. Serologic evidence af active Epstein Barr virus infection in Epstein Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Pediatr 1992;120:228-232.
  23. Andiman WA, Eastman R, Martin K, y col. Opportunistic lymphoproliferations associated with Epstein Barr viral DNA in infants and children with AIDS. Lancet 1985;2:1390- 1393.
  24. Connor E, Bagarazzi M, McSherry G y col.Clinical and laboratory correlates of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children infected with HIV. JAMA 1991;265:1693-1697.
  25. Sleasman JW, Hemenway C, Klein AS y col. Corticosteroids improve survival of children with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Dis Child 1993; 147:30-34.
  26. The European Collaborative Study. Neurologic signs in young children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990;9:402-406.
  27. Brouwers P, Moss H, Wolters P y col. Effect of continuous infusion zidovudine therapy on neuropsychologic functioning in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr 1990;117:980-985.
  28. Frenkel LD, Gaur S, Tsolia M y col. Cytomegalovirus infection in children with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12 (Suppl):S820-S826.
  29. Bodsworth NJ, Cooper DA, Donovan B. The influence on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1138-1140.
  30. Mueller BU, Pizzo PA. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the infant. En: Remington JS, Klein JO, ed. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. 4a ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1995: 377-403.
  31. Arico L, Caselli D, D'Argenio A. Malignancies in children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Cancer 1991;68: 2473-2477.
  32. American Academy of Pediatrics. AIDS and HIV infections. Report of the Committee on infectious diseases. Elk Grove Village, Ill: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1991:115-131.
  33. Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK, Wilfert CW, Sperling R, Baker SA y col. USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: an overview. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(Suppl 1):S12-S31.
  34. Reef SE, Mayer KH. Opportunistic candidal infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: prevention issues and priorities. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(Suppl 1):S99-S102.
  35. USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: disease-specific recommendations. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21 (Suppl 1):S32-S43.
  36. Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK, McNeil MM, Schonberger LB, Navin TR y col. USPHS/IDSA Guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: introduction. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(Suppl 1): S1-S11.
  37. Davis SF, Byers RH, Lindegren ML, Caldwell MB, Karon JM, Gwinn M. Prevalence and incidence of vertically acquired HIV infection in the United States. JAMA 1995; 274:952- 955.
  38. Quin TC, Ruff A, Hasley N. Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: special considerations for developing nations. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:558-568.
  39. Lallemant M, Le Coeur S, Samba L, Cheynier D, M'pele P, Nzingoula S y col. Mother to child transmission of HIV-1 in Congo, central Africa. AIDS 1994; 8:1451-1456.
  40. Arredondo GJL, Ortiz IJ. SIDA de transmisión perinatal. Experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1992;49:573-580.
  41. Mundy DC, Schinazi RF, Gerber AR. Human immunodeficiency virus isolated from amniotic fluid. Lancet 1987; 2: 459-460.
  42. Douglas GC, King BF. Maternal-fetal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus:a review of possible routes and cellular mechanisms of infection. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15: 678-791.
  43. Ryder RW, Nsa W, Hassig SE y col. Perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infants of seropositive women in Zaire. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:1637-1642.
  44. Sprecher S, Soumenkoff G, Puissant F. Vertical transmission of HIV in 15 week fetus. Lancet 1985; 2:288.
  45. Von-Seidlein L, Bryson YJ. Maternal-fetal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1994;5: 78-86.
  46. Goedert JJ, Duliege AM, Amos CO. High risk of HIV-1 infection for first born twins. The international registry of HIV exposed twins. Lancet 1991; 338:1471-1475.
  47. European collaborative study. Children born to women with HIV-1 infection: natural history and risk of transmission. Lancet 1991;337:253-260.
  48. Semprini A, Castagna C, Ravizza SF, Savasi V, Miggiasca ML, Grossi E y col. The incidence of complications after cesarean section in 156 HIV-positive women. AIDS 1995;9:913-917.
  49. Abrams EJ, Matheson PR, Thomas PA, Thea DM, Krasinski K, Lambert G y col. Neonatal predictors of infection status and early death among 332 infants al risk of HIV-1 infection monitored prospectively from birth. New York city perinatal HIV transmission collaborative study group. Pediatrics 1995;96:451-458.
  50. Ometto L, Zanotto C, Maccabruni A, Caselli D, Truscia D, Giaquinto C y col. Viral phenotype and host cell susceptibility to HIV-1 infection as risk factors for mother to child HIV-1 transmission. AIDS 1995; 9:427-434.
  51. Ensoli F, Cafaro A, Fiorelli V, Vannelli B, Ensoli B, Thiele CJ y col. HIV-1 infection of primary human neuroblasts. Virology 1995;210:221-225.
  52. Bour S, Geleziunas R, Wainberg MA. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CD4 receptor and its central role in promotion of HIV-1 infection. Microbiol Rev 1995;59:63-93.
  53. Reinhardt PP, Reinhardt B, Lathey JL, Spector SA. Human cord blood mononuclear cells are preferentially infected by non syncitium-inducing macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:292-297.
  54. Brettle RP, Raab GM, Ross A, Fielding KL, Gore SM, Bird AG. HIV infection in women: immunological markers and the influence of pregnancy. AIDS 1995;9:1177-1184.
  55. Temmerman M, Nagelkerke N, Bwayo J, Chomba EN, Ndinya-Achola J, Piot P. HIV-1 and immunological changes during pregnancy: a comparasion between HIV-1 seropositive and HIV-1 seronegative women in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS 1995;9:1057-1060.
  56. Bugard M, Mayaux MJ, Blanche S. The use of viral culture and P24 antigen testing to diagnose human immunodeficiency virus infection in neonates. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1192-1197.
  57. Brossard Y, Aubin JT, Laurent M, Bignozzi C, Brand D, Chaput A y col. Frequency of early HIV-1 infection: a blind DNA polymerase chain reaction study on 100 fetal thymuses. AIDS 1995;9:359-366.
  58. Bulterys M, Chao A, Saah A. HIV seroconversion after 20 months of age in a cohort of breastfed children born to HIV-1 infected women in Rwanda. AIDS 1995;9:93-94.
  59. Ruff AJ, Halsey NA, Coberly J. Breast-feeding and maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. J Pediatr 1992;121:891-892.
  60. Ryder RW, Manzila T, Braende E. Evidence from Zaire that breast-feeding by HIV-1 seropositive mothers is not a major route for perinatal HIV-1 transmission but does decrease morbidity. AIDS 1991; 5:709-714.
  61. Norma Oficial Mexicana. NOM para la Prevención y Control de la Infección por Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana. CONASIDA 1995.
  62. Dabis F, Mandelbrot L, Msellati P, Van de Perre P. Zidovudine to decrease mother to child transmission of HIV-1: is it good for developing countries? AIDS 1995:9;204-206.
  63. Galli L, Martino M, Tovo PA, Gabiano C, Zappa M, Giaquinto C, y col. Onset of clinical signs in children with HIV-1 perinatal infection. Italian registrer for HIV infection in children. AIDS 1995; 9:455-461.
  64. Grubman S, Gross E, Lerner WN, Hernandez M, McSherry GD, Hoyt LG y col. Older children and adolescents living with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics 1995; 95:657-663.
  65. Roques PA, Gras G, Parnet-Mathieu F, Mabondzo AM, Dollfus C y col. Clearence of HIV infection in 12 perinatally infected children: clinical, virological and immunological data. AIDS 1995;9: f19-f26.
  66. Bryson IJ. HIV clearence in infants a continuing saga. AIDS 1995;9:1371-1375.
  67. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, OíSulllivan MJ y col. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1173-1180.
  68. Boyer PJ, Dillon M, Navaie M, Devekis M, O'Rourke S, Bryson Y. Factor predictive of maternal-fetal transmission of HIV-1. Preliminary analysis of zidovudine given during pregnancy and/or delivery. JAMA 1994;27:1925-1930.
  69. Esterman AL, Rosenberg C, Brown T, Dancis J. The effect of zidovudine and 2'3' dideoxyinosine on human trophoblast in culture. Pharmacol Toxicol 1995;76:89-92.
  70. O'Sullivan MJ, Boyer P, Scott GB, Parks WP, Weller S, Blum MR y col. The pharmacokinetics and safety of zidovudine in the third trimester of pregnancy for women infected with VIH and their infants: phase 1 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome clinical trial group study (protocol 082). Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:1510-1516.
  71. Giroux A, Berrebi H, Grandjean H, Dumas JC. Feto-maternal transfer of zidovudine: study on the perfused human placental cotyledon system. AIDS 1995;9:816-817.
  72. Frenkel LM, Wagner LE, Demeter LM, Dewhurst S, Coombs RE, Murante BL, Reichman RC. Effects of zidovudine use during pregnancy on resistance and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1321-1326.
  73. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Greco MH y col. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex: a double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:185-191.
  74. Concorde Coordinating Commitee: MRC/ANRS randomized double-blind controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudina in symptomfree HIV infection. Lancet 1994; 343:871.
  75. Volberding PD. Perspectives on the use of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of HIV infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1994; 8:303-317.
  76. Pizzo PA, Eddy J, Fallon J y col. Effect of continuos intravenous infesion of Zidovudine (AZT) in children with symptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:889-896.
  77. Mc Kinney RE, Pizzo PA, Scott GB y col. Safety and tolerance of intermittent intravenous and oral zidovudine therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infected pediatric patient. J Pediatr 1990; 116:640-645.
  78. Blanche S, Duliege AM, Navarrete MS y col. Low dose zidovudine in children with human immunodeficiency virus type in infection adquired in the perinatal period. Pediatrics 1991; 88:364-370.
  79. McKinneyRE,Maha MA,Connor EM y col. A multicenter trial oral zidovudine in children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1018-1025.
  80. Land S, Me Gavin K, Birch C y col. Reversion from zidovudine resistance to sensitivity en cessation of treatment. Lancet 1991; 338:830-831.
  81. Kahn JU, Lagakos SW, Richman DD y col. A controlled trial comparing continued zidovudine with didenosine in human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:581-587.
  82. Pizzo PA, Butler K, Balis F y col. Dideoxycytidine alone and in an alternativa schedule with zidovudine in children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr 1990; 117:799-808.
  83. Mc Kinney RE. Antivirales contra la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en niños. Clin Pediatr North Am 1991; 1:141-159.