páginas de la 38 a la 40


Referencias



  1. Custer JR. Croup and related disorders. Pediatr, Rev, 1993; 14:19.
  2. Brighton GH. Laryngotracheobronchitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1940; 49:1070.
  3. Davis HW y col. Acute upper airway obstruction: croup and epiglottitis. Pediatr Clin North Am 1981; 28:867.
  4. Grattan-Smith T y col. Viral supraglottitis. Clin Lab Obs l987; 110:434.
  5. Hefelfinger DC. Croup vs epiglottitis vs tracheitis, JAMA 1981; 246:1087.
  6. Cunningham MJ. The old and new of acute laryngotracheal infections. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1992; 31:56.
  7. Currarino G, Williams B, Lateral in inspiration and expiration radiographs of neck in children with upper airway obstruction. Pediatr Ann 1986; 15:274.
  8. Dawson K, Cooper D, Cooper P. Francis P y col. The management of acute laryrigotracheo-bronchitis (croup): A consensus view. J Paediatr Child Health l992; 28:223.
  9. Laryngotracheitis (croup). Radiology 1982; 145:365.
  10. Bass JW y col. Corticoesteroids and racemic epinephrine with IPPB in the treatment of croup. J Pediatr l980; 96:173.
  11. Fogel JM y col. Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup: nebulization alone versus nebulization with intermittent positive pressure. J Pediatr 1982;101:1028.
  12. Gardner HG y col. The evaluation of racemic epinephrine in the treatment of infectious croup. Pediatrics 1973; 52:52.
  13. Westley CR y col. Nebulized epinephrine by IPPN for the treatment of croup. Am J Dis Child 1978; 132:484.
  14. Prendergast M, Jones JS, Hartman D. Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of laryngotracheitis: Can we identify children for outpatient therapy? Am J Emerg Med 1994; 12:613.
  15. McEniery J, Gilles J y col. Revisión de la intubación en la laringotraqueobronquitis grave. Pediatrics 1991; 31:331.
  16. Eden AN, Larkin VD. Corticoesteroid treatment of croup. Pediatrics 1964; 33:768.
  17. Tunnessen WW, Feinsteins AR. The steroids croup controversy. An analytic review of methodologic problems. J Pediatr 1980; 96:751.
  18. Connors K, Gavula D, Terndrup T, The use of corticoesteroids in croup: A survey. Pediatr Emerg Care 1994, 10:197.
  19. Cherry JD. Infecciones de vías respiratorias inferiores. En: Feigin R, Cherry J, ed.
    Tratado de infecciones en pediatría. 2a. ed. México: Interamericana, 1987: 247-50.
  20. Rivero Serrano J. Neumología 2a. ed. México: Ed Trillas. 1988:108-9.
  21. Klein R, Huggins B. Chronic bronchitis in children. Semin Resp Infect 1994; 9:13-22.
  22. Phair JP. Infections of the lower respiratory tract: General considerations. En: Shulman, Phair J, Sommers H, ed. The biological and clinical basis of infectious diseases. 4a ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1992: 158-64.
  23. White D, Fenner F. Medical virology. 4a. ed. New York: Academic Press, Inc, 1994:563-8.
  24. Chodosh S. Bronchitis and asthma. En: Gorbach S, Bartlett J, Blacklow N, ed. Infectious diseases. Philadelphia: WB. Saunders Company, 1993:477-84.
  25. Influenza in Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, Red Book 1994:275-83.
  26. Respiratory Syncitial Virus in Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, Red Book 1994: 396-8.
  27. Klein JO. Bacterial pneumonias. En: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, ed. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992:299-309.
  28. González SN, Torales TA-N,. Infección de vías respiratorias inferiores. En: González SN, ed. Infectología clínica pediátrica. 5a ed. México: Ed, Trillas, 1994:104-27.
  29. La Force F, Marc L. Bacterial pneumonias. En: Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR, ed. Infectious diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1992:471-6.
  30. Paterson PY. Lower respiratory tract infection: General considerations. En: Youmans GP. Paterson PY, Sommer HM, ed. The biologic and clinical basis of infectious diseases. 3a ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1985:288-308.
  31. Boyer KM, Cherry JD. Nonbacterial pneumonia. En: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, ed. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992:254-65.
  32. Donowitz GR, Mandell GL. Acute pneumonia. En: Mandell GL, Bennet JE, ed. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 4a ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:619-37.
  33. Dolin R. Viral pneumonia. En: Gorbach SL. Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR, ed. Infectious diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1992:485-90.
  34. Suara RO, Glezen WP. Contribution of respiratory viruses to the problem of pneumonia in young children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1995: 6:121-7.
  35. Mufson MA. Mycoplasma pneumonia. En Gorbach SL, Bartlet JG, Blacklow NR,ed. Infectious diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Cimpany, 1992: 491-94.
  36. Radkowski MA, Kranzler JK, Beem MO, Tipple MA, Chlamydia pneumonia in infants: radiography in 125 cases. Am J Radiol 1981; 137:703-6.
  37. Kuhn JD, Lee SB. Pneumatoceles associated with Esherichia coli pneumonias in the newborn. Pediatrics 1973: 51:1008-10.
  38. Broughtori RA. Infections due to Mycoplasma pneumonia in childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis 1986: 5: 71-85.
  39. Guckel C, Benz-Bohm G. Widemann B. Mycoplasma pneumonias in childhood: roentgen features, differential diagnosis and review of literature. Pediatr Radiol 1989; 19: 499-503.
  40. Fine NL. Smith LR. Sheedy, PF. Frecuency of pleural effusion in Mycoplasma and viral pneumonias. N Engl J Med 1970: 283:790-3.
  41. Ramsey, BW, Marcuse EK. Foy HM, Cooney MK, Allan Y, Brewer D y col. Use of bacterial antigen detection in the diagnosis of pediatric lower respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics 1986, 78:1-9.
  42. Rothstein EP. Madore DV, Girone JAC, Schiller RP, Hipp TJ, Souder RI. y col. Comparison of antigenuria after immunization with three Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10:311-4.
  43. Chanock RM. Mycoplasma infectioiis of man. N Engl J Med 1965; 273:1199-1206.
  44. Shann F. OMS definition of tachypnea in children. Lancet 1992; 339:176-7.
  45. World Health Organization Supervisory skills: management of the Young child with an acute respiratory infection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991.
  46. Bemm MO. Saxon EM. Respiratory tract colonization and a distinticve pneumonia syndrome in infants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med 1977; 296:306-19.
  47. Pallares R, Gudiol F, Linares J y col. Risk factors and response to antibiotic therapy in adults with bacteremic pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci, N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1822.
  48. Peerless AG, Liehaber M, Anderson S y col. Legionella pneumonia in chronic granulomatosis disease. J Pediatr 1995; 106:783-5.
  49. Leggiadro R, Davis Y, Tenover F y col. Outpatient drug resistance pneumococcal bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994, 13: 1144-5.
  50. Rubenstein E, Rubinovich B. Treatment of severe infections caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci. Role generation cephalosporin. Infect 1994; 22 supp:3:S161-6.
  51. World Health Organization Technical basis for the OMS recommendations of the management of pneumonia in children at first level health facilities. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991 (OMS/ARI/91.20).
  52. Mc Laughlin FJ. Goldmann DA. Rosenbaum DM y col. Empiema in children. Clinical course and long-term follow up. Pediatrics 1984; 73:587-93.
  53. Gonzalez Saldaña N. Saltigeral Simental P. Derrame pleural. Criterios pediátricos l988; I,4.
  54. Chonmaitree T, Powell KR. Paraneumonic pleural effusion and empiema in children. Pediatrics 1983; 22:414-19.
  55. Brusch JL, Weinstein L. Pleural empyema. En: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, ed. Textbook of pediatrics infectious diseases. Philadelphia: WB. Saunders, 1992:315-20.
  56. Freij BJ, Kusmiesz H, Nelson JD, McCracken GH. Paraneumonic effusion and empiema in hospitalized children: a retrospective review of 227 cases. Pediatr infect Dis 1984; 3:578-91.
  57. Bryant R.E. Pleural effusion and empiema. En: Mandell Gl,, Douglas RG, Benett JE, ed. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1995:637-641.
  58. Black LF. The pleural space and pleural fluid. Mayo Clin Proc 1972; 47:493-506.
  59. Jayakrishanan VK y col. Ultrasound of the chest. Indian Pediatr 1993,30: 281-287.
  60. Palacios Saucedo GC, Gonzalez Saldaña N. Cefuroxime vs. dicloxacilina más cloramfenicol en el tratamiento del derrame y empiema paraneumónicos en niños, Tesis, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, 1994, México D.F.
  61. Wight LJ, Vandenburg MJ, Griffiths GR y col. An assessment of the clinical efficacy in general practice of cefuroxime axetil when used in the management of unidentified infections of the lower respiritory tract. Br J Clin Prac 1987; 41:991-94.
  62. Strang DK, Dupuis LL, Domarratzki JL. Phamacist intervention in prescribing of cefuroxime for pediatrics patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990; 47:1350-3.
  63. Foglia RP. Currents indications for decortication in the treatment of empiema in children. J Pediatr Surg 1987; 22:28-3.
  64. Poe RH y col. Utility of pleural analisis in predicting tube thoracostomy decorticacion in paraneumonic effusion. Chest 1991; 100:963-967.
  65. El Rosen H y col. Intrapleural streptokinase as adjuntive treatment for persistent empyema in pediatrics patients. Chest 1993; 103:1190-93.
  66. Broder S, Merigan TC, Bolognesi D. Textbook of AIS medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994:193-221.
  67. Dirección General de Epidemioología. Situación Epidemiológica del SIDA. SIDA/ETS (México)-Sepaata 1996; 2(1).
  68. Piffer LL, Hughes VT, Stagno S, Woods D. Pneumocystis carinii infection. Evidence of hight prevalence in normal and immunosupressed children. Pediatrics 1978; 61:35-40.
  69. Meuwissen JHE, Taubert, Leeuwenberg ADEM, Beckers PJA, Sieben M. Parasitology aiid serologic observation of infection with Pneumocystis carinii in humans. J Infect Dis 1977; 136:43-8.
  70. Sepkowitz KA, Borwn AE, Telzak EE. Gottlieb S, Armstrong D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without AIDS at cancer hospital. JAMA 1992; 267:832-7.
  71. Pizzo PA, Wilfert CM. Pediatric AIDS. Second ed. 1994; 405-18.
  72. Pattrick CC. Infections in immunocompromised infants and children. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc., 1992:166.
  73. Pizzo PA, Wilfert C.M. Preventing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus infected children: new guidelines for prophylaxis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:165-8.
  74. Hughes WT. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Boca Raton, FI: CRC Press, 1987.
  75. Parker MM, Ognibene FP, Rogers P, Shellhamer JH, Masur H, Parrillo JE. Severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia produces a hyperdinamic profile, similar to bacterial pneumonia with sepsis. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:50-4.
  76. Schroeder SAQ, Beneck D, Dozor AJ. Spontaneous pneumothorax in children with AIDS. Chest 1995; 108:11736.
  77. Sivit CJ, Miller CR, Rakusan TA, Ellaurie M. Kushner DC. Spectrum of chest radiographic abnormalities in children with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Pediatr Radiol 1995; 25:38992.
  78. Castro JM, Rodríguez E, Soler R, Diaz J, Suárez Y, Rivera E. Thoracic radiography in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients. Presentation forms and clinical course. Med Clin Barc 1992; 99:365-7.
  79. Conner E. Bagarazzi M, McSherry G, Oleske J. Clinical and laboratory correlates of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children infected with HIV. JAMA 1991; 265:1693-7.
  80. Glaser JH, Schuval S, Burstein 0, Bye MR. Cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Pediatr, 1992; 120:929-31.
  81. Lebowitz RA, Sculerati N, Lawrence RM, Ambrosino MM. The role of flexible bronchoscopy in children with AIDS: and update of the New York University experience. Int J Pediatr 1994; 1:51-6.
  82. O'Doherty MJ, Thomas SH, Gibb D, Page CJ, Duggan C, Nunan TO, Bateman NT. Lung deposition of nebulized pentamidine in children. Thorax 1993; 48:220-6.
  83. Wong HR, Chundu KR. Improved outcome for young children with AIDS, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and acute respiratory failure. Pediatr Pulmonol 1994; 18(2):114-8.
  84. Mclaughlin GE, Virdee SS, Schleien CL, Holzman BH, Scott GB. Effect of corticoesteroid on survival of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis carinii-related respiratory failuire. J Pediatr 1995; 126 (5 Pt 1):821-4.
  85. Bye MR, Cairns-Bazarian AM, Ewig JM. Markedly reduced mortality associated with corticoesteroid therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994; 148:638-41.
  86. Sharief N, Crawford 0, Dinwiddle R. Fibrosing alveolitis and desquamative intersticial neumonitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 1994; 17:359-65.
  87. du Bois RM. Diffuse lung disease: an approach to management. BMJ 1994; 309: 175-9.
  88. Leland L. Evaluation and therapy of chronic intersticial pneumonitis in children. Curr Opinion Pediatr 1994; 6:248-54.
  89. Smyth R, Carty H, Thomas H y col. Diagnosis of intersticial lung disease by a percutaneous lung biopsy sample. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70:143-4.
  90. Nishimura K, lzumi T, Kitaichi M y col. The diagnostic accuracy of high resolution computed tomography in diffuse infiltrative lung diseases. Chest 1993; 104:1149-55.
  91. Betts RF, Reese RE. Infecciones de las vías respiratorias bajas (incluyendo la tuberculosis). En: Reese RE, Douglas RG, ed. Un planteamiento práctico de las enfermedades infecciosas. 2a ed. Madrid: Ed. Díaz de Santos, l987:218-78.